Fix pg_sequence_last_value() for unlogged sequences on standbys.

Presently, when this function is called for an unlogged sequence on
a standby server, it will error out with a message like

	ERROR:  could not open file "base/5/16388": No such file or directory

Since the pg_sequences system view uses pg_sequence_last_value(),
it can error similarly.  To fix, modify the function to return NULL
for unlogged sequences on standby servers.  Since this bug is
present on all versions since v15, this approach is preferable to
making the ERROR nicer because we need to repair the pg_sequences
view without modifying its definition on released versions.  For
consistency, this commit also modifies the function to return NULL
for other sessions' temporary sequences.  The pg_sequences view
already appropriately filters out such sequences, so there's no bug
there, but we might as well offer some defense in case someone
invokes this function directly.

Unlogged sequences were first introduced in v15, but temporary
sequences are much older, so while the fix for unlogged sequences
is only back-patched to v15, the temporary sequence portion is
back-patched to all supported versions.

We could also remove the privilege check in the pg_sequences view
definition in v18 if we modify this function to return NULL for
sequences for which the current user lacks privileges, but that is
left as a future exercise for when v18 development begins.

Reviewed-by: Tom Lane, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20240501005730.GA594666%40nathanxps13
Backpatch-through: 12

Author: nathan-bossart

src/backend/commands/sequence.c

@@ -1857,11 +1857,8 @@ pg_sequence_last_value(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	Oid			relid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
 	SeqTable	elm;
 	Relation	seqrel;
-	Buffer		buf;
-	HeapTupleData seqtuple;
-	Form_pg_sequence_data seq;
-	bool		is_called;
-	int64		result;
+	bool		is_called = false;
+	int64		result = 0;
 
 	/* open and lock sequence */
 	init_sequence(relid, &elm, &seqrel);
@@ -1872,12 +1869,24 @@ pg_sequence_last_value(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				 errmsg("permission denied for sequence %s",
 						RelationGetRelationName(seqrel))));
 
-	seq = read_seq_tuple(seqrel, &buf, &seqtuple);
+	/*
+	 * We return NULL for other sessions' temporary sequences.  The
+	 * pg_sequences system view already filters those out, but this offers a
+	 * defense against ERRORs in case someone invokes this function directly.
+	 */
+	if (!RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(seqrel))
+	{
+		Buffer		buf;
+		HeapTupleData seqtuple;
+		Form_pg_sequence_data seq;
 
-	is_called = seq->is_called;
-	result = seq->last_value;
+		seq = read_seq_tuple(seqrel, &buf, &seqtuple);
 
-	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+		is_called = seq->is_called;
+		result = seq->last_value;
+
+		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+	}
 	relation_close(seqrel, NoLock);
 
 	if (is_called)