Example: ..................................................................................................

26
DROP a INDEX Constraint:...................................................................... 26
Data Integrity: ........................................................................................... 26
Database Normalization ........................................................................... 27
Third Rule of 1NF: .................................................................................... 29

SQL RDBMS Databases ........................................................ 32

MySQL ..................................................................................................... 32
History: ..................................................................................................... 32
Features: .................................................................................................. 33
MS SQL Server ........................................................................................ 33
History: ..................................................................................................... 33
Features: .................................................................................................. 34
ORACLE .................................................................................................. 34
History: ..................................................................................................... 34
Features: .................................................................................................. 35
MS- ACCESS ........................................................................................... 36
Features: .................................................................................................. 36

SQL Syntax ............................................................................ 37

SQL SELECT Statement: ......................................................................... 37
SQL DISTINCT Clause: ........................................................................... 37
SQL WHERE Clause:............................................................................... 37
SQL AND/OR Clause: .............................................................................. 37
SQL IN Clause: ........................................................................................ 38
SQL BETWEEN Clause: .......................................................................... 38
SQL Like Clause: ..................................................................................... 38
SQL ORDER BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38
SQL GROUP BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38
SQL COUNT Clause: ............................................................................... 38
SQL HAVING Clause: .............................................................................. 38
SQL CREATE TABLE Statement: ............................................................ 38
SQL DROP TABLE Statement: ................................................................ 39
SQL CREATE INDEX Statement: ............................................................ 39
SQL DROP INDEX Statement: ................................................................ 39
SQL DESC Statement: ............................................................................. 39
SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: ....................................................... 39
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement: ............................................................... 39
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename): .............................................. 39
SQL INSERT INTO Statement: ................................................................ 39
SQL UPDATE Statement: ........................................................................ 39
TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning

SQL DELETE Statement: ......................................................................... 40

SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: .................................................... 40
SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: ........................................................ 40
SQL USE Statement: ............................................................................... 40
SQL COMMIT Statement: ........................................................................ 40
SQL ROLLBACK Statement:.................................................................... 40

SQL Data Types .................................................................... 41

Exact Numeric Data Types: ...................................................................... 41
Approximate Numeric Data Types: .......................................................... 41
Date and Time Data Types: ..................................................................... 42
Character Strings Data Types: ................................................................. 42
Unicode Character Strings Data Types: ................................................... 42
Binary Data Types: ................................................................................... 42
Misc Data Types: ..................................................................................... 43

SQL Operators ....................................................................... 44

What is an Operator in SQL? ................................................................... 44
SQL Arithmetic Operators: ....................................................................... 44
SQL Comparison Operators: .................................................................... 45
SQL Logical Operators: ............................................................................ 47

SQL Expressions ................................................................... 50

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 50
SQL - Boolean Expressions: .................................................................... 50
SQL - Numeric Expression: ...................................................................... 51
SQL - Date Expressions: .......................................................................... 51

SQL CREATE Database ........................................................ 53

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 53
Example: .................................................................................................. 53

DROP or DELETE Database ................................................. 54

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 54
Example: .................................................................................................. 54

SQL SELECT Database......................................................... 55

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 55
Example: .................................................................................................. 55

SQL CREATE Table .............................................................. 56

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56
Example: .................................................................................................. 57
Example: .................................................................................................. 57

SQL DROP or DELETE Table................................................ 59

TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 59
Example: .................................................................................................. 59

SQL INSERT Query ............................................................... 60

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 60
Example: .................................................................................................. 60
Populate one table using another table: ................................................... 61

SQL SELECT Query .............................................................. 62

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 62
Example: .................................................................................................. 62

SQL WHERE Clause ............................................................. 64

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 64
Example: .................................................................................................. 64

SQL AND and OR Operators ................................................. 66

The AND Operator: .................................................................................. 66
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 66
Example: .................................................................................................. 66
The OR Operator: .................................................................................... 67
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 67
Example: .................................................................................................. 67

SQL UPDATE Query.............................................................. 69

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 69
Example: .................................................................................................. 69

SQL DELETE Query .............................................................. 71

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 71
Example: .................................................................................................. 71

SQL LIKE Clause ................................................................... 73

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 73
Example: .................................................................................................. 74

SQL TOP Clause ................................................................... 75

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 75
Example: .................................................................................................. 75

SQL ORDER BY Clause ........................................................ 77

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 77
Example: .................................................................................................. 77

SQL Group By........................................................................ 79

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 79
Example: .................................................................................................. 79

SQL Distinct Keyword ............................................................ 81

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 81
TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning

Example: .................................................................................................. 81

SQL SORTING Results.......................................................... 83

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 83
Example: .................................................................................................. 83

SQL Constraints..................................................................... 85
NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 85
DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 86
Example: .................................................................................................. 86
Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 86
UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 87
Example: .................................................................................................. 87
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint:................................................................... 87
PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 88
Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 88
Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 89
FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 89
Example: .................................................................................................. 89
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 90
CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 90
Example: .................................................................................................. 90
DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 91
INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 91
Example: .................................................................................................. 91
DROP a INDEX Constraint:...................................................................... 91
Dropping Constraints:............................................................................... 92
Integrity Constraints: ................................................................................ 92

SQL Joins .............................................................................. 93

SQL Join Types: ....................................................................................... 94
INNER JOIN ............................................................................................. 94
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 94
Example: .................................................................................................. 94
LEFT JOIN ............................................................................................... 95
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 95
Example: .................................................................................................. 95
RIGHT JOIN ............................................................................................. 96
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 96
Example: .................................................................................................. 96
FULL JOIN ............................................................................................... 97
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 97
TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning

Example: .................................................................................................. 98
SELF JOIN ............................................................................................... 99
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 99
Example: .................................................................................................. 99
CARTESIAN JOIN ................................................................................. 100
Syntax: ................................................................................................... 100
Example: ................................................................................................ 100

SQL Unions Clause ............................................................. 102

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 102
Example: ................................................................................................ 102
The UNION ALL Clause: ........................................................................ 103
Syntax: ................................................................................................... 103
Example: ................................................................................................ 104
Example: ................................................................................................ 105

SQL NULL Values ................................................................ 109

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 109
Example: ................................................................................................ 109

SQL Alias Syntax ................................................................. 111

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 111
Example: ................................................................................................ 111

SQL Indexes ........................................................................ 113

The CREATE INDEX Command: ........................................................... 113
Single-Column Indexes: ......................................................................... 113
Unique Indexes: ..................................................................................... 113
Composite Indexes: ............................................................................... 114
Implicit Indexes: ..................................................................................... 114
The DROP INDEX Command: ............................................................... 114
When should indexes be avoided? ........................................................ 114

SQL ALTER TABLE Command............................................ 115

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 115
Example: ................................................................................................ 116

SQL TRUNCATE TABLE ..................................................... 118

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 118
Example: ................................................................................................ 118

SQL - Using Views ............................................................... 119

Creating Views: ...................................................................................... 119
Example: ................................................................................................ 119
The WITH CHECK OPTION:.................................................................. 120
Updating a View: .................................................................................... 120
TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning

Inserting Rows into a View: .................................................................... 121

Deleting Rows into a View: ..................................................................... 122
Dropping Views: ..................................................................................... 122

SQL HAVING CLAUSE ........................................................ 123

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 123
Example: ................................................................................................ 123

SQL Transactions ................................................................ 125

Properties of Transactions: .................................................................... 125
Transaction Control: ............................................................................... 125
The COMMIT Command: ....................................................................... 125
Example: ................................................................................................ 126
The ROLLBACK Command: .................................................................. 126
Example: ................................................................................................ 126
The SAVEPOINT Command: ................................................................. 127
Example: ................................................................................................ 127
The RELEASE SAVEPOINT Command:................................................ 128
The SET TRANSACTION Command: .................................................... 129

SQL Wildcard Operators ...................................................... 130

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 130
Example: ................................................................................................ 131

SQL Date Functions ............................................................. 132

ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr,days) ............... 134
ADDTIME(expr1,expr2) .......................................................................... 135
CONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz) ............................................................ 135
CURDATE() ........................................................................................... 135
CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_DATE() ........................................... 136
CURTIME() ............................................................................................ 136
CURRENT_TIME and CURRENT_TIME() ............................................. 136
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() .................... 136
DATE(expr) ............................................................................................ 136
DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2) ........................................................................ 136
DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit),................................................. 137
DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit) .................................................. 137
DATE_FORMAT(date,format) ................................................................ 138
DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit) .................................................. 140
DAY(date) .............................................................................................. 140
DAYNAME(date) .................................................................................... 140
DAYOFMONTH(date) ............................................................................ 140
DAYOFWEEK(date) ............................................................................... 140
TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning