INTRODUCTION TO
PYTHON
The language that meets all requirements
And the language which all requirements meet
Why python?
Easy to learn; good code readability
Open source, has a large community
Large number of 3rd party libraries/packages
ITS FREE!
If you see a slide
in this colour
scheme
Code it along with us
print(hello world)
The obligatory
hello world
program
# Trust us! Thats it.
#
#
#
#
And yeah, COMMENT!!
Ignore hashtags at runtime
Because this isnt your
insta feed
Basics
Datatypes
Conditional Statements
Loops
Operators
Lists
Functions
Datatypes
What you must have learnt in C:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Integers & Floats
Floating points
Complex numbers
Strings
Datatypes
Code
1)
2)
3)
4)
Integers & Floats
Floating points
Complex numbers
Strings
#integer
a = 21
#float
b = 3.14159
#complex
c = 3 + 4j
#string
g = hello world
x,y = 20,30
a = b = c = 1
Datatypes:
name = harambe
print(type(x))
print(type(name))
Conditional Statements
1) if statement
2) if-else statement
3) if-elif-else statement
Code
a,b,c = 4,1,2
if a>3:
print(a is greater than 3)
if b<3:
print(b is less than 3)
else:
print(b is not less than 3)
Conditional
Statements
a = 4
if a>5:
print(a is greater than 5)
elif a<5:
print(a is less than 5)
else:
print(a equals 5)
Loops
1) For loop
2) While loop
Code
#for loop
for i in range(10):
print(i)
#while loop
i = 0
while(i<10):
print(i)
i = i + 1
Example Code
for i in range(0,20,2):
for j in range(1,10,1):
print(i,j)
points = [0,4,5,10]
for i in points:
print(i)
Operators - Arithmetic
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (*)
Division (/)
Modulus(%)
Exponent(**)
Code
a = 5
b = 6
#operations in order
a+b
b-2
a*4
b/3
a%b
a**2
Operators - Comparison
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Check equality (== )
Check inequality(!= or <>)
Greater than (>)
Less than(<)
Greater than or equal to (>=)
Less than or equal to (<=)
Code
a = 5
b = 6
#operations in order
a==b
b!=2
a>4
b<3
a>=b
a<=2
Operators - Logical
Those C / C++ pain days of || and &&
and ! are gone!!
1) and
2) or
3) not
Code
a = 5
b = 6
if(a==b and b>5):
print(something)
if(a==5 or b==2):
print(some other thing)
if(not b==9):
print(b is not equal to 9)
Lists
structures from C might ring a bell
Lists are written within square brackets
a = [1,2,4,5]
Lists can have multiple data types
b = [name , 3 , 5.89]
Each list element is accessed by its index (starting from zero)
b[0]
a[1]
ppap = [pen, apple]
Lists
#add elements to list
ppap.append(pineapple pen)
ppap.append(5)
ppap.append(67.89)
ppap.append(2e5)
#get length of the list
len(ppap)
#loop over a list
for i in ppap:
#For python3 users:
print(i, \t-->, i*2)
#For Python2.7 users:
print i, \t-->, i*2
Example Code:
a = [A ,C, C, G, C, C, G, C, T, T ,A]
a.count(G)
a.insert(3,A)
Just to put pseud on Pythons behalf
"hello"+"world"
"hello"*3
"hello"[0]
"hello"[-1]
"hello"[1:4]
len("hello")
"hello" < "jello"
"e" in "hello"
"helloworld"
"hellohellohello"
"h"
"o"
"ell"
5
1
1
'single quotes' """triple quotes""" r"raw strings"
# concatenation
# repetition
# indexing
# (from end)
# slicing
# size
# comparison
# search
Code
Functions
A function is a block of organized,
reusable code that is used to perform a
single, related action.
def isDivisibleBy(dividend,divisor):
if(dividend%divisor==0):
return 1
else:
Return 0
print(isDivisibleBy(4,2))
Another Example:
#Recursive Factorial Function
def fact(n):
if(n<=1):
return 1
else:
return n*fact(n-1)
Intermediate topics
Dictionaries
Opening files
Regular Expressions
Numpy arrays
Searching with Scipy
Matplotlib
Dictionaries
Ever wanted to access items in an array the other way round? i.e give the name
and find the index?
Dictionaries are meant just for that. Its an associative list where your index
can be a string
a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3)
Dictionaries
b = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
c = dict(zip(['one','two','three'],[1,2,3] ))
d = dict([('two', 2), ('one', 1), ('three',3)])
e = dict({'three': 3, 'one': 1, 'two': 2})
#All are equivalent
#a['one'] gives 1
Example Code:
data['a']=1
# updates if 'a' exists, else adds 'a'
# OR
data.update({'a':1})
# OR
data.update(dict(a=1))
# OR
data.update(a=1)
Inverting
Dictionary
A = {'Kim': 1, 'was': 2, 'robbed!!': 3}
inv_map = {v: k for k, v in A.items()}
# works iff the dictionary is invertable
Opening files
f = open('workfile','r+')
for line in f:
a=line.split(' ')
split() splits a string at every occurrence of the argument. If no argument provided,
it will split at all commonly occurring whitespace breakpoints like , \n, \t, , , etc
Numpy Arrays
Very useful Python Library
Handles arrays(lists) using C
backend, and so much much faster
Can handle any n-dimensional
array, and quickly do operations on
them
Convert any list to numpy array:
A = [[1,2],[3,4]]
B = np.array(A)
Code
import numpy as np
np.array()
np.zeros((100,100,3),np.uint8)
#gives an array of size 100x100x3
#of type 8bit int
import numpy as np
Numpy Arrays
The basics
# np.arange can take float steps too!!
a=np.arange(30,dtype=np.uint8)
print(a)
# Reshape into 5x6 matrix
a=a.reshape(5,6)
print(a)
# Flatten out an n-dim. array
a=a.ravel()
print(a)
Scipy
Scipy has good searching options
For example, if you want only elements
greater than 0
Code
import scipy
i,j = scipy.where(A>0)
B = A[i,j]
#where A is 2D
#Similarly u can do it across arrays
i = scipy.where(A[:,0]>A[:,1])
import numpy as np
from scipy import *
Numpy Arrays
Thresholding
a=np.arange(30,dtype=np.uint8)
b=a.reshape(5,6)
i,j=where(b>15)
#i,j are lists containing indices of
#all those elements which are >15
#Set them all to 100
b[i,j]=100
#This can also be done in one line as
b=a.reshape(5,6)
b[b>15]=100
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as
plt
Matplotlib
x=np.arange(1,10,.1)
y=x**2
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.scatter(x,y)
plt.show()
3D Plots
from pylab import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111,
projection='3d')
z=arange(1,50,.1)
x=z*cos(z)
y=z*sin(z)
ax.plot(x,y,z)
plt.show()
Things you should
check out by
yourself
Cuz we said so :P
Turtle library
Regular Expressions
Plotting capabilities of matplotlib
Python packaging index (pypi)
And thats it. Hope you
liked it :-)
(Dont ask about the distorted smiley.blame the font)
