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Python offers a variety of built-in data structures and data types to organize and manipulate
data efficiently. Here's a breakdown of the most common ones with examples:
Data Structures &
Data Types: Data Types
Integers (int): Represents whole numbers, positive or negative, without decimals.
x = 10
Floating-point numbers (float): Represents numbers with decimals.
y = 3.14
Strings (str): Represents a sequence of characters.
name = "Alice"
Booleans (bool): Represents logical values True or False.
is_valid = True
Data Structures:
Lists: Ordered, mutable collection of elements.
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
fruits.append("grape") # Add element
print(fruits[0]) # Access element
Tuples: Ordered, immutable collection of elements.
coordinates = (10, 20)
print(coordinates[1]) # Access element
Sets: Unordered collection of unique elements.
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 2} # Duplicates removed
numbers.add(4) # Add element
print(numbers)
Dictionaries: Unordered collection of key-value pairs.
person = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30}
person["city"] = "New York" # Add key-value pair
print(person["name"]) # Access value
Other Data Structures:
Arrays (using NumPy): Efficient for numerical computations.
Linked lists: Linear data structure where elements are linked together.
Stacks and Queues: Implement specific data access patterns (LIFO and FIFO, respectively).
Trees and Graphs: Represent hierarchical and network relationships.
Choosing the right data structure and type is crucial for efficient programming. It depends on
the specific requirements of your application.
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Single String : print("Hello world2!")
Multiple String : print("Hello,", "John!", "How are you?")
Numeric String : print(1, "plus", 2, "equals", 1+2)
User Input String : name=
input("Give me your name: ")
print("Hello,", name)
Indentation :
Repetition is possible with the for loop
for i in range(3):
print("Hello")
print("Bye!")
Variables and data types
We saw already earlier that assigning a value to a variable is very simple:
a=1
print(a)
Note : Python automatically detected that the type of a must be int (an integer).
a="some text"
type(a)
Program Implementation :
In Python, the single equals (=) and double equals (==) serve different purposes:
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= (Assignment operator):
This operator assigns a value to a variable. For example, x = 5 assigns the value 5 to the
variable x.
== (Equality operator):
This operator compares two values and checks if they are equal. It returns True if the values
are equal, and False otherwise. For example, x == 5 checks if the value of x is equal to 5.
Example :
x = 10 # Assign the value 10 to x
if x == 10: # Check if the value of x is equal to 10
print("x is equal to 10")
else:
print("x is not equal to 10")
* = is used for assigning values, while == is used for comparing values *
strings using the + operator
a="first"
b="second"
print(a+b)
print(" ".join([a, b, b, a]))
Sometimes printing by concatenation from pieces :
print(str(1) + " plus " + str(3) + " is equal to " + str(4)) # slightly better
print(1, "plus", 3, "is equal to", 4)
Multiple ways of strings interpolation :
- Python format strings print("%i plus %i is equal to %i" % (1, 3, 4))
- format method print("{} plus {} is equal to {}".format(1, 3, 4))
- f-string print(f"{1} plus {3} is equal to {4}")
LOOPS :
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i=1
while i*i < 1000:
print("Square of", i, "is", i*i)
i=i+1
print("Finished printing all the squares below 1000.")
s=0
for i in [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]:
s=s+i
print("The sum is", s)
IF - ELSE STATEMENT :
x=input("Give an integer: ")
x=int(x)
if x >= 0:
a=x
else:
a=-x
print("The absolute value of %i is %i" % (x, a))
SPLITS :
days="Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday".split()
weathers="rainy rainy sunny cloudy rainy sunny sunny".split()
temperatures=[10,12,12,9,9,11,11]
for day, weather, temperature in zip(days,weathers,temperatures):
print(f"On {day} it was {weather} and the temperature was {temperature} degrees celsius.")
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OPERATIONS STRING :
1. Creating Strings
You can create strings using either single quotes (`'`) or double quotes (`"`).
str1 = 'Hello, World!'
str2 = "Python is fun!"
2. Accessing Characters
You can access individual characters in a string using indexing (indices start at 0).
text = "Python"
print(text[0]) # Output: P
print(text[5]) # Output: n
3. Slicing Strings
You can extract a portion of a string using slicing.
text = "Hello, World!"
print(text[0:5]) # Output: Hello
print(text[7:12]) # Output: World
4. String Length
Use `len()` to get the length of a string.
text = "Hello"
print(len(text)) # Output: 5
5. Concatenation
You can concatenate strings using the `+` operator.
str1 = "Hello"
str2 = "World"
result = str1 + " " + str2
print(result) # Output: Hello World
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6. Repetition
Use the `*` operator to repeat strings.
str1 = "Python! "
print(str1 * 3) # Output: Python! Python! Python!
7. Uppercase and Lowercase
Convert strings to uppercase or lowercase using `upper()` and `lower()` methods.
text = "Hello, World!"
print(text.upper()) # Output: HELLO, WORLD!
print(text.lower()) # Output: hello, world!
8. Strip Whitespace
Remove leading and trailing whitespace using `strip()`, `lstrip()`, and `rstrip()`.
text = " Python "
print(text.strip()) # Output: Python
print(text.lstrip()) # Output: Python
print(text.rstrip()) # Output: Python
9. Replacing Substrings
Use `replace()` to replace occurrences of a substring with another substring.
text = "Hello, World!"
new_text = text.replace("World", "Python")
print(new_text) # Output: Hello, Python!
10. Splitting Strings
Use `split()` to split a string into a list based on a delimiter.
text = "Python is fun"
words = text.split()
print(words) # Output: ['Python', 'is', 'fun']
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11. Split using a specific delimiter
text = "apple,orange,banana"
fruits = text.split(",")
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'orange', 'banana']
12. Joining Strings
Use `join()` to concatenate a list of strings into a single string.
words = ['Python', 'is', 'fun']
sentence = ' '.join(words)
print(sentence) # Output: Python is fun
13. Checking String Content
Use methods like `isdigit()`, `isalpha()`, and `isspace()` to check the content of strings.
text = "123"
print(text.isdigit()) # Output: True
text = "abc"
print(text.isalpha()) # Output: True
text = " "
print(text.isspace()) # Output: True
14. Formatting Strings
Use formatted string literals (f-strings) or the `format()` method for formatting.
name = "Alice"
age = 30
# Using f-strings
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")
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# Using format() method
print("My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age))
These are some of the fundamental string operations you'll use often in Python.
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* Code for Random password generator *
If statement and its related statements.
Code :
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:
Equals: a == b, Not Equals: a != b, Less than: a < b, Less than or equal to: a <= b,
Greater than: a > b, Greater than or equal to: a >= b
* An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.
* The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.
* The elif keyword in way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try this
condition".
Two primitive loop commands: while loops, for loops
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With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true.
The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need to define an
indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
The break Statement: With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while
condition is true
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if (i == 3):
break
i += 1
The Continue Statement: With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration,
and continue with the next
i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
The Else Statement: With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the
condition no longer is true
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
FOR LOOPS
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A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a
set, or a string).
This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like an
iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.
With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set
etc.
The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.
Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters
Code :
for x in "grapes":
print(x)
The Break Statement : With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped
through all the items
Code :
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "cherry":
break
The Continue Statement :
With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and continue
with the next
Range Function : o loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use
the range() function,
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.
Code :
for x in range(20):
print(x)
for x in range(2, 6):
print(x)
Else in For Loop : The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed
when the loop is finished
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for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
Nested Loop :
A nested loop is a loop inside a loop. The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each
iteration of the "outer loop"
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
DICTIONARY
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