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1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language
known for its simplicity and
readability. It emphasizes code readability and encourages
a clean and concise coding style.
2. What are the key features of Python?
Key features of Python include its easy-to-read syntax,
dynamic typing, automatic memory
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management, extensive standard library, and support for
multiple programming paradigms.
3. How is Python different from other programming
languages?
Python stands out with its simplicity, readability, and easy-
to-understand syntax. It has a
large and active community, extensive libraries, and is
widely used in various domains such
as web development, data analysis, and scientific
computing.
4. What is PEP 8?
PEP 8 is the official style guide for Python code. It provides
guidelines on how to format
Python code to enhance readability and maintain
consistency across projects.
5. What are Python modules?
Python modules are files containing Python code that
define functions, classes, and
variables. They allow code reuse and organization, making
it easier to manage and maintain
larger projects.
6. What is a Python package?
A Python package is a way to organize related modules into
a directory hierarchy. It allows
for a logical grouping of modules, making it easier to
manage and distribute code.
7. How do you comment in Python?
Comments in Python are denoted by the # character.
Anything after the # is considered a
comment and is ignored by the Python interpreter.
8. What are Python data types?
Python supports various data types, including integers,
floating-point numbers, strings,
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lists, tuples, dictionaries, and booleans. Each data type has
its own characteristics and uses.
9. What is type conversion in Python?
Type conversion, also known as type casting, is the process
of converting one data type into
another. Python provides built-in functions like int(), float(),
str(), etc., to perform type
conversion.
10. What is string interpolation in Python?
String interpolation in Python allows you to embed
expressions or variables within a string,
making it easier to construct dynamic strings. It can be
done using f-strings or the format()
method.
11. What are Python conditional statements?
Python conditional statements, such as if, elif, and else,
allow you to perform different
actions based on certain conditions. They control the flow
of the program based on the
truthfulness of the conditions.
12. What are Python loops?
Python loops, like for and while, enable you to execute a
block of code repeatedly. They
iterate over a sequence or execute until a specific condition
is met.
13. What is the difference between range() and xrange() in
Python 2?
In Python 2, range() generates a list of numbers, while
xrange() returns an iterator. xrange() is
more memory-efficient for large ranges because it
generates values on the fly.
14. What are Python functions?
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Python functions are reusable blocks of code that perform
a specific task. They help in code
organization, reusability, and modularity. Functions can
accept arguments and return values.
15. What is the difference between a function and a
method in Python?
In Python, a function is a standalone block of code that can
be called independently. A
method, on the other hand, is a function that is associated
with an object or a class and can
access the object's data.
16. How do you define a function in Python?
A function in Python is defined using the def keyword,
followed by the function name,
parentheses for parameters (if any), and a colon. The
function body is indented below.
17. What is the __init__ method used for?
The __init__ method is a special method in Python classes
that is automatically called when
an object is created from the class. It is used to initialize the
object's attributes and perform
setup tasks.
18. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm that organizes code into
objects, which are instances of classes. It emphasizes
encapsulation, inheritance, and
polymorphism.
19. What are Python classes and objects?
In Python, a class is a blueprint that defines the properties
and behaviors of objects. An
object is an instance of a class. It represents a specific entity
and can interact with other
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objects.
20. How do you create an object in Python?
An object is created by calling the class as if it were a
function. The class acts as a
constructor, initializing the object and returning it.
21. What is inheritance in Python?
Inheritance is a mechanism in Python that allows a class to
inherit properties and methods
from another class. It enables code reuse and supports the
creation of hierarchical class
structures.
22. What is method overriding?
Method overriding is the process of defining a method in a
subclass that has the same name
as a method in its superclass. The subclass method
overrides the implementation of the
superclass method.
23. What is method overloading?
Method overloading is not directly supported in Python.
However, you can achieve similar
functionality by defining a single method with default
argument values or using variablelength arguments.
24. What is encapsulation in Python?
Encapsulation is the process of bundling data and methods
together within a class. It allows
for data hiding and controlling access to the object's
attributes using getter and setter
methods.
25. What is polymorphism in Python?
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on multiple
forms or have multiple
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behaviors. In Python, polymorphism is achieved through
method overriding and method
overloading (using default argument values or variable-
length arguments).
26. What is a generator in Python?
A generator in Python is a function that returns an iterator.
It allows you to generate a
sequence of values on-the-fly, conserving memory and
improving performance.
27. What are decorators in Python?
Decorators are a way to modify the behavior of a function
or class without directly changing
its source code. They are defined using the
@decorator_name syntax and can be used for
tasks like logging, timing, or modifying function arguments.
28. What is a lambda function in Python?
A lambda function is an anonymous function in Python that
is defined using the lambda
keyword. It is a shorthand way to create small, one-line
functions without explicitly defining
a function using def.
29. What is a module in Python?
A module in Python is a file containing Python definitions
and statements. It can be
imported and used in other Python programs to access its
functions, classes, and variables.
30. How do you import modules in Python?
Modules can be imported in Python using the import
keyword followed by the module name.
You can also import specific objects from a module using
the from module_name import
object_name syntax.
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31. What is a virtual environment in Python?
A virtual environment in Python is a self-contained
directory that contains a specific version
of Python interpreter and installed packages. It allows you
to isolate Python environments
for different projects and manage their dependencies.
32. What are exceptions in Python?
Exceptions in Python are events that occur during the
execution of a program that disrupt
the normal flow of the code. They can be handled using
try-except blocks to gracefully
handle errors and exceptions.
33. What is error handling in Python?
Error handling in Python involves using try-except blocks to
catch and handle exceptions
that may occur during the execution of the code. It allows
for graceful recovery from errors
and prevents the program from crashing.
34. What is the purpose of the try-except-else-finally block
in Python?
The try-except-else-finally block in Python is used for
exception handling. The try block
contains the code that may raise an exception. The except
block is used to handle specific
exceptions. The else block is executed if no exceptions
occur. The finally block is always
executed, regardless of whether an exception occurred or
not.
35. What are the built-in data structures in Python?
Python provides several built-in data structures, including
lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets,
and strings. These data structures offer different ways to
store, manipulate, and retrieve
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data.
36. What is a list in Python?
A list in Python is an ordered collection of items that can be
of different data types. It is
mutable, meaning its elements can be modified. Lists are
denoted by square brackets [ ] and
can contain elements separated by commas.
37. What is a tuple in Python?
A tuple in Python is an ordered collection of items similar
to a list. However, tuples are
immutable, meaning their elements cannot be changed
once assigned. Tuples are denoted
by parentheses ( ) and can contain elements separated by
commas.
38. What is a dictionary in Python?
A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-
value pairs. It is mutable and allows
fast access to values based on their associated keys.
Dictionaries are denoted by curly
braces { } and use colons : to separate keys and values.
39. What is a set in Python?
A set in Python is an unordered collection of unique
elements. It is mutable and provides
mathematical set operations like union, intersection, and
difference. Sets are denoted by
curly braces { } or the set() function.
40. What is a string in Python?
A string in Python is a sequence of characters enclosed in
single quotes, double quotes, or
triple quotes. It is immutable, meaning its individual
characters cannot be changed. Strings
can be manipulated and operated upon in various ways.
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41. How do you concatenate strings in Python?
Strings can be concatenated in Python using the + operator
or by using the .join() method.
The + operator concatenates two strings, while the .join()
method concatenates multiple
strings using a specified delimiter.
42. How do you format strings in Python?
Strings can be formatted in Python using the % operator,
the str.format() method, or fstrings (formatted string
literals). These methods allow you to insert values into
placeholders within a string.
43. What are file handling operations in Python?
File handling operations in Python involve reading from
and writing to files. Python provides
built-in functions and methods to open, read, write, and
close files.
44. How do you open and close a file in Python?
Files can be opened in Python using the open() function,
which takes the file name and the
mode of operation as arguments. The close() method is
used to close an opened file and free
up system resources.
45. What are the different file modes in Python?
The different file modes in Python include "r" for reading,
"w" for writing (overwriting
existing content), "a" for appending, "x" for exclusive
creation (fails if the file already exists),
and "b" for binary mode.
46. What is exception handling in file operations?
Exception handling in file operations involves handling
potential errors that may occur while
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performing file-related operations. This ensures that the
program handles file-related
exceptions gracefully and avoids crashes or data loss.
47. What is a context manager in Python?
A context manager in Python is an object that defines the
methods __enter__() and
__exit__() to enable the with statement. It allows for
resource allocation and deallocation,
such as automatically closing a file after use.
48. What is a generator function in Python?
A generator function in Python is a special type of function
that uses the yield keyword
instead of return. It allows you to generate a sequence of
values on-the-fly without storing
them all in memory at once.
49. What is a list comprehension in Python?
A list comprehension in Python is a concise way to create
lists based on existing lists or
other iterable objects. It allows you to combine looping and
conditional logic in a single line
of code.
50. What is the pass statement in Python?
The pass statement in Python is a placeholder statement
that does nothing. It is used as a
syntactic placeholder when a statement is required by the
Python syntax, but no action is
needed.
51. What is the purpose of the self parameter in Python?
The self parameter is used as a reference to the current
instance of a class in Python. It
allows accessing the attributes and methods of that
instance within the class definition.
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52. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a
deep copy in Python?
In Python, a shallow copy creates a new object that
references the original data, while a
deep copy creates a new object with completely
independent copies of the original data.
Modifying the original data does not affect the deep copy,
but it can affect the shallow copy.
53. What are the advantages of using Python for web
development?
Python offers several advantages for web development,
including a wide range of
frameworks (such as Django and Flask), a large community,
extensive libraries, and easy
integration with other technologies.
54. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python?
The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mechanism in the
CPython interpreter (the reference
implementation of Python) that allows only one thread to
execute Python bytecode at a
time. This restricts the parallel execution of Python threads
and can impact performance in
certain scenarios.
55. What is a metaclass in Python?
A metaclass in Python is a class that defines the behavior
and structure of other classes. It
allows you to customize class creation, modify attributes,
and add additional functionality to
classes.
56. How do you handle file I/O errors in Python?
File I/O errors in Python can be handled using exception
handling. By using try-except
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blocks around file-related operations, you can catch specific
exceptions like
FileNotFoundError or PermissionError and handle them
gracefully.
57. What is the purpose of the __name__ variable in Python?
The __name__ variable in Python is a built-in variable that
represents the current module's
name. It can be used to determine whether a module is
being run as the main script or
imported as a module.
58. What is the difference between a shallow comparison
and a deep comparison in Python?
In Python, a shallow comparison checks if two objects have
the same memory address,
while a deep comparison checks if the objects have the
same values. Shallow comparisons
can be done using the is operator, while deep comparisons
are typically done using the ==
operator.
59. What are the advantages of using virtual environments
in Python?
Virtual environments in Python provide a dedicated
environment for each project, allowing
you to isolate project dependencies, avoid conflicts
between packages, and maintain
project-specific versions of Python and packages.
60. What is the purpose of the __main__ block in Python?
The __main__ block in Python is used to define the entry
point of a Python program. The
code inside the if __name__ == "__main__": block will only
execute if the script is run directly,
not when it is imported as a module.
61. What is the purpose of the __str__ method in Python?
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The __str__ method in Python is a special method that
returns a string representation of an
object. It is used to provide a human-readable
representation of the object when the str()
function is called or when the object is printed.
62. What is the purpose of the __repr__ method in Python?
The __repr__ method in Python is a special method that
returns a string representation of
an object that can be used to recreate the object. It is used
to provide a detailed and
unambiguous representation of the object.
63. What is the difference between the __str__ and __repr__
methods in Python?
The __str__ method is intended to provide a human-
readable string representation of an
object, while the __repr__ method is intended to provide a
detailed and unambiguous string
representation that can be used to recreate the object.
64. What is the purpose of the super() function in Python?
The super() function in Python is used to call a method in a
superclass or parent class. It is
often used in method overriding to invoke the superclass's
implementation of the method
before adding additional functionality in the subclass.
65. What is the purpose of the __getitem__ method in
Python?
The __getitem__ method in Python is a special method that
allows objects to define
behavior for indexing and slicing operations. It is called
when an item is accessed using
square brackets ([]) and supports accessing items by index
or slicing.
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66. What is the purpose of the __setitem__ method in
Python?
The __setitem__ method in Python is a special method that
allows objects to define
behavior for assigning values to items using square
brackets ([]). It is called when an item is
assigned a value using indexing.
67. What is the purpose of the __len__ method in Python?
The __len__ method in Python is a special method that
returns the length of an object. It is
called when the len() function is used on an object.
68. What is the purpose of the __iter__ method in Python?
The __iter__ method in Python is a special method that
returns an iterator object. It is used
to make an object iterable, meaning it can be looped over
using a for loop or used with other
iterator-related functions and constructs.
69. What is the purpose of the __next__ method in Python?
The __next__ method in Python is a special method that
returns the next item in an iterator.
It is called by the next() function and is used in conjunction
with the __iter__ method to
create custom iterators.
70. What is the purpose of the @property decorator in
Python?
The @property decorator in Python is used to define a
method as a getter for a class
attribute. It allows accessing the attribute as if it were a
normal attribute, while internally
calling the getter method.
71. What is the purpose of the @staticmethod decorator in
Python?
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The @staticmethod decorator in Python is used to define a
static method in a class. Static
methods do not require an instance of the class to be
called and can be accessed directly
from the class itself.
72. What is the purpose of the @classmethod decorator in
Python?
The @classmethod decorator in Python is used to define a
class method. Class methods
receive the class itself as the first parameter, allowing them
to access and modify classlevel attributes and perform
operations specific to the class.
73. What is the purpose of the __call__ method in Python?
The __call__ method in Python is a special method that
allows an object to be called as if it
were a function. It is called when parentheses are used to
invoke the object.
74. What is the purpose of the *args and **kwargs
parameters in Python?
The *args parameter in Python allows a function to accept a
variable number of positional
arguments as a tuple, while the **kwargs parameter allows
a function to accept a variable
number of keyword arguments as a dictionary. This
flexibility allows functions to handle
different numbers and types of arguments.
75. What are decorators in Python?
Decorators in Python are a way to modify or enhance the
behavior of functions or classes
without directly modifying their source code. Decorators
are implemented as functions that
wrap around the target function or class and add additional
functionality.
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76. What is the purpose of the @classmethod decorator in
Python?
The @classmethod decorator in Python is used to define a
class method. Class methods
receive the class itself as the first parameter, allowing them
to access and modify classlevel attributes and perform
operations specific to the class.
77. What is a lambda function in Python?
A lambda function in Python is an anonymous function that
can be defined in a single line. It
is often used for simple, one-time operations and does not
require a formal def statement.
78. What are modules in Python?
Modules in Python are files that contain Python code and
definitions. They can be imported
and used in other Python programs to provide reusable
functionality.
79. What are packages in Python?
Packages in Python are a way to organize related modules
into a directory hierarchy. They
allow for better organization and modularization of code,
making it easier to manage large
projects.
80. What is the purpose of the __init__.py file in a package?
The __init__.py file in a package serves as an indicator that
the directory is a Python
package. It can be empty or contain initialization code that
is executed when the package is
imported.
81. What is the purpose of the sys module in Python?
The sys module in Python provides access to system-
specific parameters and functions. It
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allows interaction with the Python interpreter and provides
information about the runtime
environment.
82. What is the purpose of the os module in Python?
The os module in Python provides a way to interact with
the operating system. It allows
performing various operations related to file and directory
manipulation, process
management, and environment variables.
83. What is the purpose of the datetime module in Python?
The datetime module in Python provides classes for
manipulating dates and times. It allows
creating, formatting, and performing operations on dates
and times.
84. What are decorators in Python?
Decorators in Python are a way to modify or enhance the
behavior of functions or classes
without directly modifying their source code. Decorators
are implemented as functions that
wrap around the target function or class and add additional
functionality.
85. What is the purpose of the @property decorator in
Python?
The @property decorator in Python is used to define a
method as a getter for a class
attribute. It allows accessing the attribute as if it were a
normal attribute, while internally
calling the getter method.
86. What is the purpose of the @staticmethod decorator in
Python?
The @staticmethod decorator in Python is used to define a
static method in a class. Static
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methods do not require an instance of the class to be
called and can be accessed directly
from the class itself.
87. What is the purpose of the @classmethod decorator in
Python?
The @classmethod decorator in Python is used to define a
class method. Class methods
receive the class itself as the first parameter, allowing them
to access and modify classlevel attributes and perform
operations specific to the class.
88. What is a lambda function in Python?
A lambda function in Python is an anonymous function that
can be defined in a single line. It
is often used for simple, one-time operations and does not
require a formal def statement.
89. What are modules in Python?
Modules in Python are files that contain Python code and
definitions. They can be imported
and used in other Python programs to provide reusable
functionality.
90. What are packages in Python?
Packages in Python are a way to organize related modules
into a directory hierarchy. They
allow for better organization and modularization of code,
making it easier to manage large
projects.
91. What is the purpose of the __init__.py file in a package?
The __init__.py file in a package serves as an indicator that
the directory is a Python
package. It can be empty or contain initialization code that
is executed when the package is
imported.
92. What is the purpose of the sys module in Python?
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The sys module in Python provides access to system-
specific parameters and functions. It
allows interaction with the Python interpreter and provides
information about the runtime
environment.
93. What is the purpose of the os module in Python?
The os module in Python provides a way to interact with
the operating system. It allows
performing various operations related to file and directory
manipulation, process
management, and environment variables.
94. What is the purpose of the datetime module in Python?
The datetime module in Python provides classes for
manipulating dates and times. It allows
creating, formatting, and performing operations on dates
and times.
95. What is the purpose of the random module in Python?
The random module in Python provides functions for
generating random numbers. It allows
you to generate random integers, floating-point numbers,
and make random selections
from lists.
96. What is the purpose of the json module in Python?
The json module in Python provides functions for working
with JSON (JavaScript Object
Notation) data. It allows encoding Python objects into
JSON strings and decoding JSON
strings into Python objects.
97. What is the purpose of the pickle module in Python?
The pickle module in Python provides functions for
serializing and deserializing Python
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objects. It allows you to convert Python objects into a
binary format that can be stored or
transmitted, and then restore them back into objects.
98. What are generators in Python?
Generators in Python are functions that can be paused and
resumed, allowing them to
produce a sequence of values over time. They are memory-
efficient and provide a
convenient way to iterate over large or infinite sequences.
99. What is the purpose of the yield keyword in Python?
The yield keyword in Python is used in the context of
generators. It allows a generator
function to temporarily pause and yield a value to the
caller, without losing its internal state.
The generator can then be resumed to continue execution
from where it left off.
100. What is the purpose of the zip() function in Python?
The zip() function in Python is used to combine multiple
iterables (such as lists or tuples) into
a single iterable of tuples. It pairs up corresponding
elements from each iterable, stopping
when the shortest iterable is exhausted.
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