ees Programming For Problem Solving Introduction to Python Language Python Basics: 4 Python is a general-purpose interpreted, programming language. Python is programming language as well as scripting language. Python is also called as Interpreted language So it is an uncomplicated and robust. complexity of traditional compiled languages along with the ease-of-use (and then some) of simpler seripting and interpreted languages. |, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level Difference between Scripting Language and Programming Language Programming Language Type of veage Running Conversion Design Comptation eves comp! File ype creas 9 ere te coaing type Complexity Easy torte arause Inerpretanon Walla Reidy Golleveor Enuinestinzand Technoloey iu (@ Scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Why Python? ject-oriented serpin Ianyy, # Python isa high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented se41P4i04 lang. »ython is a high-level, interpreted, sey words frequently i, * ation dine tb gly dal alco i languages use punctuation and it has ewer syntactic eosin 4 Python is a MUST for students and working profenionals 1 Wee Engineer especially when they are working, in Web Developr HE a othey lan tapes " History of Python: , a # Invented in the Netherlands, early 90s by Guido van Rossurn start6d tn Doce , the late1980s and its implementation was started in December Guido Van Rossum is fan of*Monty Python's Flying, Circus’, this i 9 famow Netherlands # Named after Monty Python Open sourced from the beginning ‘Who uses python today... # Python is being applied in real revenu For instance: ' erating, products by real companies. Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, and employs Python's creator. Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and JBM use Python for hardware testing. ‘The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python Features of Python: 1. Easy ‘When we say the word ‘easy, we mean it in different contexts. 2. Easy to Code 4 Puthon is very easy t code as compared to other popular languages like Java and C++, * Anyone can learn Basle Python syntax in just a few hours. Thus, itis programmer- friendly, , Easy to Read # Being a high-level language, Python what the code is supposed to do, # Also, Code is quite like English. Looking at it, you can tell since it is dynamically-typed, it mandates indentation, This aids readability, 2. Expressive © scanned with OKEN ScannerWhit iv expressiveness, Huppowe we have tae langunyes A and 14, 0nd all Programs that can be made Hn A cnn tne snnde hn 18 using kcal transformation However, there are rome poy tt can fe ns in 18, bt net nA, singe Wel {ransformations, Then, 1 fs aiid to be more expressive thin A Python provides ws with w myriad of constructs that Help ws fr (han on the syntax, ' 100 hve solution rather + This is one of the outstanding python fests that tell you vey you should laen Python. 3. Free and Open-Source + Flesly, Python is freely avallabe, You cnn dovnload it fiom the Python Off Secondly, iis open-souree, This mien that its source code q can downloud i, change it, use it, and distribute i ‘This is called FLOSS(Free/LAbre and Open Source Software), 4 Community, we're all headed toward one youl: an ever-betering Pylon, savailal the Pypbon High-Level * Python is a high-level lngunge, ‘This means thal as programmers, we don't need 10 Femember the system architecture Also, we need not manap of the key python memor ‘This makes it more programmer-frlendly and is one ures, 5. Portable # Let's assume you've written a P ‘ython code for your Windows machine, Now, if you want to run it ona Mac, you don’t need to make changes to it for the same, {In other words, you ean take one code and run it on any machine. ‘This makes Python 4 portable language, 4 However, you must avoid any system-dependent features in this case, 6. Interpreted # Ifyou're familiar with any lang. ages like C++ or Java, you must fir run it. But in Python, there is no need to compile it Internally, its source code is converted into an immediate form So, all you need to do isto run your Python code without worrying about linking to libraries, and a few other things, 4 By interpreted, we mean the source code is executed Because of this, it is easier to debug your code. 4 Also, interpreting makes it just slight to the benefits it offers, # Ifyou have any doubt in DataFlair’s features o ‘@ comment below and we will get back to: you irst compile it, and then called bytecade. line by line, and not all at once, tly slower than Java, but that does not matter compared python programming language article, drop PRR ene TS 9 © scanned with OKEN Scannerone amming For Problem Solving ror F Pro CURE 7. Object-Oriented i {A prowranmning languaye that can model the rea vs data and functions. - revolves around itis said to be object-oriented. lis sa Socues on abjects and combi Contrary, a an be reused eeoriented programming which js 4 Python supports bath procedure-orlented and objes ‘one ofthe key python features. 4 {1k supports multiple inheritance, 4 Aclass is blueprint for such an obje functions, which are code tha, provedure-oriented lang unlike Java. vt ivan abstract datatype and holds no values, 4, Extemsible 4 Ifreeded, you can write some of your Python ae § ‘This makes Python an extensible language, mea languages in other languages like C++. 1 that it ean be extended to other 9. Embeddable : : ir ur Python source 4) We just saw that we can put code in other languages in 0 source ‘ Howe, it abso possible to put our Python code in a source code in a different language like C+, 4 This allows us to integrate scripting capabilities into our program of the other language, code. 10, Large Standard Library 4 5 # Python downloads with a large library that you can use so you don’t have to write your ‘own code for every single thing, ‘There are libraries for regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web rovers, threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and a lot of other functionality. , 11,GUI Programming Vor this, you can use Tkinter, wx fast development of GUL, 12. Dynamically Typed (@ Scanned with OKEN ScannerNae Python Applications Python is known for its yeneral-purpose nature that mak Software development. Python makes its presence in ev Programming lang ¢ and can develop any application. Application arcas where Python can be applied Python Applications GETTING STARTED Python Versions 4 There are two major Python versions- Python 2 and Python 3. 4 On16 October 2000, Python 2.0 was released with many new features. 4 On 3rd December 2008, Python 3.0 was released with more testing and includes new features. Finding an Interpreter for Python Programming ‘Windows: There are many interpreters available freely to run Python scripts like IDLE (Integrated Development Environment) which is installed when you install the python software from http://python.org/downloads! (@ Scanned with OKEN ScannerFoun cranes ti Python Installation 1s like IDLE (Integrated thon software from interpreters available freely to run Python scrip nt Environment) which is installed when you install the pyt rg/downloads! There are m Developm hips/pyth ‘Steps to be followed and remembered: # Step I: Select Version of Python to Install. # Step 2: Download Python Executable Installer. # Step 3: Run Executable Installer. 4 Step 4: Verify Python was Installed On Windows. ’ ’ Step 5: Verify Pip Was Installed, ‘ Step 6: Add Python Path to Environment Variables (Optional) [2 Fithon 30 6.6 Sew Install Python 3.8.0 (64-bit) Select instal Now to netal Python with cetaut fenale or eaable ature. ge. er coos Customise python Dirrstatiaunener fora users ecommerce) cance! windows Python Code Execution: ing For Problem Solving * Python's traditional runtime execution model: source code you type is translated to byte code, which is then run by the Python Virtual Machine. * Your code is automatically compiled, but then it is interpreted. Runtime PYM, Malla Reddy College ofEngineeringand Os i ad 12 © scanned with OKEN ScannerSource code ext Byte code extension is .pye ion is py (Compiled python code) Modes for using Python interpreter: There are two modes for usin 4 Interactive Mode "Script Mode i the Python interpreter: 1. Running Python in interactive mode "Without passing python seri Pt file to the interpreter, directly execute code to Python Prompt. Once you're inside . the python interpreter, then you ean star. >>> print(*hello world") hello world # Relevant output is display >>> N=[0,1.2] : # Quantities stored in memory are not displayed by default. >>>x red on subsequent lines without the >>> symbol Fifa quantity is stored in memory, typing its name will display i (0, 1,2 | Pea Le CE OE CTE RTE ears eer ei raise incrrae eaece Amare toe Seager) cen ‘+ The chevron at the beginning of the Ist line, interpreter uses to indicate that itis ready. * Ifthe programmer types 2+6, the interpreter replies 8, ice, the symbol >>> is a prompt the python 2, Running Python in script mode: * Alternatively, programmers can store Python script source code in a file with the py extension, and use the interpreter to execute the contents ofthe file + To execute the script by the interpreter, you have to tell the interpreter the name of the file. Working with the interactive mode is better when Python programmers deal with small pieces of code as you can type and execute the immediately, but when the code is more ‘than 2-4 lines, using the script for coding can help to modify and use the code in future. Te a 13 (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerPython input) Function : user input and reads Python input() function is used to get input from the user. It prompts for os m ae pee line. After reading data, it converts it into a string and returns that. It throw: EOF is read, Signature var = input ({prompt]) Parameters prompt: It isa string message w! Return It returns user input afier converting into a string. h prompts forthe user input. Python input() Funetion Example 1 Here. we are using this function get user input and display to the user as well. 1. # Python input() function example 2. # Calling funetion 3. val= input("Enter a value: ") 4. # Displaying result 5. print("You entered:",val) Output: Enter a value: 45 You entered: 45 (@ Scanned with OKEN ScannerPython input() Function Example 2 The input() method retums string value, So, ifwe want o perform arithmetic operations, we need to cast the value first, See the example below, 1. # Python input) fanetion example 2, # Calling fianetion 3. val= input("Enter an integer: ") 4. # Displaying result val mn(val) # casting into sti (val val) # getting squa print("Square of the value:",sqr) 5. 6. sat 1 Output: Enter an integer: 12 Square of the value: 144 Python print) Funetion Python printQ function prints the given object onthe Signature print(object(s), sep=separator, en .en or other standard output devices. nnd, filefile, flush=fush) Parameters object(s object. is an object to be printed. The Symbol * indicates that there may be more than one sep='separator’ (optional): The objects are separated by sep. The default value of sep is" end="end! (optional: it determines which object should be print at last file (optional): ~The file must be an object with wrie(string) method. It is omitted, sys.stdout will be used which prints objects on the screen. flush (optional): IF True, the steam is forcibly Nushed. The default value of fash is False Return Tedoes not return any value. Python print) Function Example 1 1. print(*Python is programming lIanguage.")2. 3.x=7 # Two object sp print('x=", %) yex 4 Thwee objects passed print(x=5 34°59) RRC PR EC eI 15 © scanned with OKEN Scannernig For Probie Solving ~~ ing jing For Prol Programm! TYeary GN Python is programm \ Output: ng language, X=7=y Python print() Function Example 2 ameter. The below example use pr int() with separator and end parame' ", % Sep='00000;, end="nintn)3, % sep=0), end=") a=000007 a=07 Comments; * Comments bog ns with a hash(#) symbol and is usefa in mentioy Should be consi It ning that the whole line ered as a comment untilthe end of ine, 'S used to basically provide the descript So it will ignore from execution by Pythoy ion of particular line of code, Interpreter, Example: #To print Hello World (It comment) °°? print (“Hello World”) * So it executes only one fine of code, Python Identifiers * A Python identifier i object. An identifier starts with a letter OF an underscore () followed by 7 S, and % Within identifiers, 8 language, Thus, Manpower and ‘manpower are two 16 \ © scanned with OKEN Scanner SePython Keywords: The fitlowing list shows the Python keywords, These are reserved words and you cannot use them as constant or variable or any other identifier names letters only, meee a continue ‘det ei Lines and Indentation: # Python provides no braces to flow control, ndicate bloc! of code for class and function definitions or * Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation, which is rigidly enforced. ‘The number of spaces in the indentation is var indented the same amount ble, but all statements within the blockmust be For example— aslo be20 ita>b): print” else: print("a is less than b") is greater than b" However, the following block generates an error — a=10 b=20 ita): print("a is greater than b") els print("a is tess than ‘Thus, in Pythonall the continuous lines indented with same number of spaces would forma block. Meer a7 © scanned with OKEN ScannerProgramming ——— Lee is ins that whey . This mea n Variables in Pyt to store values. ‘ariables in Python: ns tio! mory locat . * Variables are nothing but reserved some space in memory: emory and decides what ca Bees ee Ia ia rie interpreter allocates ™ iable, : * Based on the data type ofa varial integers; decimal tore integers, be stored in the reserved Hamat tatypes to variables, you can s eae lata type: * Therefore, by assigning different or characters in these variables. Rules for Python variables: derscore character * A’variable name must start with a letter or the un * A variable name cannot start with a number : and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and * A Variable name ean only contain alpha-numeric characters ifferent variables) * Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three dil Assigning Values to Variables: * Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space. + The declaration happens automaticaly when you assign a value to a variable, * The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables. The operand tothe let ofthe = operator is the name of {he operator is the value stored inthe variable For example — = 50 An integer assignmentb = 7000.0 # A floating point ¢ = “John" # A string ‘he variable and the operand to theright of print (a) prin (by print (c) This produces the following result — 50 7000.0 John Multiple Assignment; * Python allows * For example © scanned with OKEN ScannerCEN nntiyy Vor Hav ovnnpte AE Le atv" © Hon sine intoger objects wvith valtow 1 and 2 ate assigned to variables a and b resp aint one slving abioot wvith the value " jl fs assigned fo the variable OwMNAE Vardadto, # Vie Python print statement is often used fo output variables, # Variales say nat need to be doctared with any’ particular type andl ean ev ater they have boett set mnge type Branypte Ne S# x isotype int Se python # x is now of type ste print) Onatnats python Vo oombine Dou text and a variable, Python uses the" eharact Peamnple X= Savesone” printy"Python is" » ‘Output Dthon is awesome You can also use the + acter to add a able to another variable: Faamnple xe nbytton is awesome y print) x Output: Python is awesome Python Wdentifiers: mothods(finetions) ete. For example, are the name given {0 Va i identifier) whic! re value "Python Pea variable (an identifier) which hots the va Hi aan is they are reserved names that are built-in to Python. Here, 7 {We cannot use Keywords as varable names For example, © scanned with OKEN ScannereRe deen Oslo jable name. asa varia ntinue sed cor The above code is wrong because we have ne To learn more about variables, visit Python Rules for Naming an Identifier + Identifiers cannot be a keyword. + Identifiers are case-sensitive. in witha letter or _. The + Itcan have a sequence of letters and digits. However, it must begin with first letter of an identifier cannot be a di \ + Itsa convention to start an identifier with a letter rather i * Whitespaces are not allowed. + We cannot use sp. symbols like !, @, #, $, and so on. Some Valid and Invalid Identifiers in Python Valid Identifiers Invalid Identifiers score @core return_value return highest_score highest score name] Iname convert to_string convert to_strin string Things to Remember Python is a case-sensitive la guage. This means, ya Always give the identifiers a n Numbers > Strings List Tuples Sets Dictionary vvVVY NUMBERS Number data types: © Number data types store numeric values. « Theyare immutable datatypes, means that changing the value ofa number data type results in anewly allocated object. + Number objects are created when you assign a value to them + Python has three built-in numeric data types: integers, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers. Integers: y Aminteger is a whole number with no decimal places. For example, | is an integer, but 1.0 isn’t. «So in Python, integers are 2er0, positive or negative whole numbers without a fractional part and having unlimited precision, e.g. 0, 100, -10. ‘The followings are valid integer literals in Python. >>>0 0 >>> 100 100 >>> -10 -10 >>> 1234567890 1234567890 >> "~=5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 > 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 a fers © scanned with OKEN Scanner7 Problem Solving Programming Fo .cimal values. + Integers can be binary, octal, and hexade >>> 0b1 1011000 # binary 216 >>> 0012 # octal 10 >>> 0x12 # hexadecimal 1s i int class. Use the type() method to get Al integer literals or variables are objects of the int * the class name, as shown below. >>>type(100) >> x=1234567890 >>> type(x) >> type(y) # type of y is int * Leading zeros in non-zero integers are not allowed e. 000123 is invalid number, 0000 is0. >>> x= 01234567890 SyntaxError: invalid token Float: >>> fl.2 Dor 12 >>> type(f) * Floats has the maximum size depends on Eee eee Ue eat ese iaximum size referred as "int", "Ing, INFINITY", of ning pn infinity for most system, * OF “infinity”. Float 26400 win be considered as >>> 20400 22 © scanned with OKEN ScannerNSN Cria soon Programming For Problem Solving Scientific notation fs used as a short re i For example: 345.56789 i presentation to express floats havi it = 345. is represent ng, many digits. Sous presented as 3,4556789e2 or 3.4556789E2 pot 1000.0 >o> feles at 100000.0 >>> £3.4556789¢2 poof 345.56789 STRINGS Strings are amongst the most popular types in Python. We can create them simply by enclosing characters in quotes. Python treats single quotes ‘the same as double quotes. ‘This contrasts with ‘most other seripting languages, which use single quotes for Titeral strings and doublequotes to allow escaping of characters. Python uses the "raw string” operator t0 create fiteral quotes, so no differentiation isnecessary- Other languages suchas C use single quotes for charac ‘and double quotes for strings. Python does not have a character types his is probably another reason why single and double quotes are the same. Nearly every Python application uses strings in one form or another. Strings are immutable, meaning that changing an element of @ string requies creating a new string, Stings sr made up df individual characters, and such elements tetrings may be accessed sequentially via slicing How to Create and Assign Strings Creating strings is as simple as assigning a value to a variable: ‘Hello World! Python is cool!” >>> aString So> anotherString = >>> print (aString) Hello World! >> print (anotherString) Python is cool! 35> aBlankString =" S>> print (@BlankString)" pstrings) in Strings How to Access Values(Character and Sul ; i '» Python does not SuPPOFt & shharacter types these are eeated strings of Fength one, thus also considered a substring. “5 To access substrings, use the obtain your substring: index or indices 10 square brackets for slicing along with the © scanned with OKEN ScannerGUSTO Oy oul dt rd Indexing >>> aString = "Hello Wor >>> aString[0] _ # Forwat W >>> aString[-1] # Backw: ‘’ : >>> aString[:5] #Slicing ‘ello’ >>> aString[6:] "World!" ard Indexing le to another string, it it iable oe (rasining 2 a ompketely different string * You can "update" an existing string by ( pit * The new ae can be related to its previous value or f0 a comp! altogether. >>> aString = 'Hello World!" >>> aString = aString[:6] + Python!” >>> aString ‘Hello Python!" >>> aString = ‘different string altogether’ >>> aString ‘different string altogether! Like numbers, strings are not mutable, so you cannot change an existing string without creating a new one from seratch {That means that you cannot update individual characters or substrings ina string, * However, as you can se above, there is nothing wrong with piecing together part of ‘your old string and assigning it to a new string, How to Remove Characters and Strings o repeat what we just sai, strings are immutable, so you cannot Temove individual characters fiom an existing string, What you can do, however, is to empty the str mr 2 » rs ‘ing, or to tc string which drops the pieces you were not interested in, eters {et us say you want fo remove one letter from "Hello. Workd?™ = World"... the (lowercase) letter "|" for >>> aString = ‘Hello World!" >>> aString = aStringf:3] dsl >>> aString ‘Helo World!" ing from the start + aString|4:]¢slicing to the end © scanned with OKEN ScannerLW Oa ESS ze nese el Programming For Problem Solving Membership Operator(in, not in) ‘© The membership question asks w ae q asks whether a character (string of length one) appears ina : ees ae ifthat character appears in the string and False otherwise few more exar ings i ele te imples of strings and the membership operators. True >>>'n' in ‘abed!" False >>> 'n! not in ‘abed! True Multi Line Strings ‘You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes: >>>a="" This is Python Programming, Python Language is awesome, It is very easy to understand and Easy to implement code” >>>print(a) ‘This is Python Programming, Python Language is awesome, It ig very easy to understand and Easy to implement code Escape Character TTo insert characters that are illegal in & string, use an escape character. An escape character @ backslash \ followed by the character you want to insert. ‘An example ofan illegal character is a double quote inside a string that is surrounded by double quotes: Example: “The escape character allows You 10 USS double quotes when you normally would not be allowed: spoint ="Python is an easy and \"interesting” language.” >>>print(tst) python is an easy and interesting” language. Concatenation of Two or More Strings : » Joining of two or more strings into & single one is called concatenation: re The + (concatenation) operator does this in Python. Simply writing (2 string literals together also concatenates them. ; = «The * (repetition) operator can be used to repeat the string for 2 given number of times. alla Reddy Coll _ © scanned with OKEN Scanner™N eee For Problem Solving ming | ANSTO On ery svenuelcrico using + print(‘strl + str2 =", strl + str2) # using * print('strl * 3 =!, str] * 3) + When we run the above progra im, we get the following output: str] + str = HelloWorld! str] * 3 = HelloHelloHello String Length : faa To get the length of a string, use the len() function. The len() function returns the length of the stri >>>a= "Hello, World!" >>> print(len(a)) 12 Upper Case The upper() method returns the string in upper case: >>>a= "Hello, World!" >>> print(a.upper()) HELLO, WORLD! Lower Case The lower() method returns the string in lower case: >>>a= "Hello, World!" >>>print(a.lower()) hello, world! Remove Whitespace id very often you is space, The strip() method removes any whitespace fror inning ot Want to remove this >>>a="Hello, World!" ace fom the beginning or the end: °>>print(a.strip() # returns "Hello, World!" Hello, World! Replace String ‘Thereplce() method replaces a string with another string: © scanned with OKEN ScannerJello, World! Split String The split i ltd) method returns a lst where the text between the specified separator becomes the Ist items. a= "Hello, World!" print(a.split(",")) # returns ('Hello’,' World [Hello', ' Worldt"] String Format We cea combine strings and numbers by using the format() method. The format method takes the passed arguments, formats them, and places them in the string w nore the placeholders {} are: Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings: >>>age = 36 >>>txt = "My name is John, and 1 am (}" >>>print(txt.format(age)) My name is John, and I am36 String Methods Method Description capitalize() Converts the first character fo upper case casefold() Converts string into lower ease Returns a centered string times a specified value occurs ina string ith the specified value n of where it e and returns the positio center() count) Returns the number of encode() Returns an encoded version ofthe string endswith Returns true ifthe string ends wi expandtabs() Sets the tab size ofthe string find) Searches the string for a specified valu was found format() Formats specified values in a string format_map() Formats specifi (esa Tes Ten mey ied values ina string © scanned with OKEN ScannerFor Problem Solving Programming Dea TW rT Sree turns the position of where jt ified value and re Searches the string for a specified index) was found sig xt shteomoes inthe strit isalnum() Returns True ifall characters in the aeae i in ing are in isalpha() Returns True ifall characters in the string is habe . ing are decimals isdecimal() Returns True ifall characters in the string isd i ing are digits isdigit() Returns True ifall characters in the string are digi ‘sidentifier() Returns True ifthe string is an identifier it it case islower() Returns True ifall characters in the string are lower P 7 ry iSmumeric) Returns True ifall characters inthe string are numer ‘sprintable() Returns True ifall characters in the string are printable isspace() Returns True ifall characters in the string are whitespaces isttleg, Retuins True ifthe string follows the rues ofa ttle isupper() Returns True ifll characters inthe string are upper case Joing ‘ins the elements ofan erable to the end ofthe string Justo Returns a let justified version ofthe string lower) Converts. a string into lower case ‘strip Returns a left trim version of the string Partition) Returns a tuple where the string is Teplee) Returns. string where ‘specified Value is replaced With a specified val ified value find) Searches the string for a speci specified val it was found He and retumns the last Position of where rindex() Searches the strin, it ring for a Specified cone “alle and retums the lage Position of where sjust Returns aright justified Version ofthe stin a ‘artition) Returns a (ple where the str pli Splits the string "trip() Returns a right trim *esIOn ofthe string © scanned with OKEN ScannerProgramming For Problem Solving split it ‘i split) Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list startswith() Returns true ifthe string starts with the specified value strip() Returns a ined version of the string swapease() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa titled) Converts the first character of each word to upper case translate) _Returns.a translated string upper() Converts a string into upper case zfill) Fills the string with a specified number of values at the beginning LIST «The list is a most versatile Data type available in Python in which objects are mutable in type and can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a list is that items ina list need not be ofthe same type. Strings consist only of characters and are immutable (cannot change individual elements) hile ists are flexible container objects which hold an arbitrary number of Python objects. + Creating lists is simple adding to list i easy, too, as we seein the following examples. Example: list = [[physies’, ‘chemistry’, 1997, 2000]; list2=[1, 2.3.4.5 mylist=[*apple’, "banana", “eherty"} List Lists are used to store multiple items ina single variable. Lists are one of built-in data types in Python used to store collections of dats, the other 3are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage. Lists are created using square brackets: Example Create a List: _ AIRE eee Manne! © scanned with OKEN Scanner“cherry"] ‘apple’, "bananas print(thislist) List Items and allow duplicate values. it in 1] ete. as index [0], the second fem has index [1] List items are ordered, changeable, List items are indexed, the first item re that the items have @ defined order, and that order will ‘When we say that lists are ordered, it means not change. he end of the list. Ifyou add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at t general: the order ofthe items Note: There are some lst methods that will change the order, but in will not change. Changeable ‘The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items ina list after it has been created. Allow Duplicates Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value: ‘Example Lists allow duplicate values: thislist=["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"] print(thislist) List Length To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function: Example Print the number of items in the list: thislist=["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(len(thislist)) UOTE ee ae ee mY 30 ee © scanned with OKEN ScannerOXTOM rie istouroncon List Items - Data Types List items can be of any data type: Example String, int and boolean data types: fist2=[1, 5. 7,93] list3 = [True, False, False} ‘A list can contain different datatypes: Example ‘A list with strings, integers and boolean values: fist! = be", 34, True, 40. type() From Python's perspective, lists are defined as bless ‘with the datatype "list: Example What is the data type of list? pple", “banana”, "erry mylis print(type(mylist)) How to Create and Assign Lists ye creating lists i a simple as assigning 8 value to avariable. © You handeraft a ist (empty oF tlements) and perform the assignment «Lists are delimited by surrounding savare brackets ({1)- p> aList = (123, ‘abe’ 4.56, inner, list), 7-99) REE ee mecringand Technol © scanned with OKEN ScannerSe inn ere! >>> anotherL ist = [None, ‘something to see here!) >>> print (anotherList) [None, something to see here’) >>> aList’ ThatStartedEmpty >>> print (aL istThatStartedEmpty) U How to Access Values in Lists * Slicing wort similar to strit index or indices, >>> aList[0] 1233 use the square bracket slice operator ( [ ] ) along with the >>> aList{Is4 abe’, 4.56, [ ner’, list] >>> aList[:3] (123, ‘abe’, 4.56] >>> aList(3][1] "list" How to Update Lists * You can update single or multiple el ofthe assignment operator and you eat add to elements ina list with the append() method: >>> aList {123, ‘abe’ 4.56, [inner "st, (7-9)) >>> aList[2] 4.56 >>> aList{2; >>> aList float replacer* £123, ‘abe’, ‘float replacer’, inner’ “list, (7-99) >>> >>> anotherList.append(*hi, >>> print (another! LE 'm new here’ COI q © scanned with OKEN ScannerSES Programming For Problem Solving [None, ‘something to see here’, “hi, mm new here") >>> aListThatStartedEm is ipty.append(not e ‘more! >>> print (aLstThatStartedEmpty) nidnantd [not empty anymore’) How to insert item in List © To insert a new list wit y values, w e T ist item, without replacing existi : an ‘eplacing any of the existing values, we can use the ‘The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index: >>>str_list = jack’, jumped’, ‘over, ‘candlestick’] >>>str_list.insert(2, 'park’) >>>print(str_list) [jack’, jumped, ‘park’, ‘over, ‘candlestick’] How to Remove List Elements and Lists To remove a list element, you can use either the del statement ifyou know exactly which element(s) you are deleting or the removeQ) method if you do not know. >>> aList [123, ‘abe’, ‘float replacer’, inner’ ist], (7-99) >>> del aList{!] >>> aList [123, "float replacer’ (inner list (7 i] >>> aList.remove(123) >>> aList [float replacer inner’ ist 1-99] «You can also use the pop() method fo remove and return a specific object froma list >>> aList.popO (7-9) ‘The list still remains, but + Toclear the list, clear() method will be used to empties the lis a Tne eeu Pirie © scanned with OKEN ScannerProgramming For Problem Solving TC it has no content. >> aList.clear() Print(aL ist) 0 is not something application programmers do, { Normally, removing an entire list pe (Le. program termination, tinction ea * Rather, they tend to let it go out of som ctly remove an enn tion, et.) and be garbage-collected, but if they do want to explicitly Entire list, use the del statements >>Ddel aList Membership (in, not in) With strings, the ‘membership operator determined whether a single character is a member ofa string. With lists (and tuples, we can heck whether an object ia member of a lst (or tuple), >> mixup_list = (40, (1, 'N], fruit >>>mixup_tist 14.0, (1,7, suits, C1946) >>> fruits’ in mixup list True >>> >>>'x'in mixup _list False >>> in mixup _list(1) True Coneatenation(+) Operator . ion operator allows us to join ‘multiple lists together. rl ; candlestick’) 22> mixup list = (40,1, ‘fruits, 1.946%) >> >>> num list + mixup_list [3,-1.23, 2, 619000.6, 40, (1, ‘x1, fruits, (1.9469) D> >>> str_list + num list Clack; jumped’, over', “candlestick, 43, 1.23, 64 9000.0) * We can use the extend() method in place of the concatenation ©Perator to append the © scanned with OKEN Scannerin contents of. list to another, Using extend() is advantay elements of the new list to does ion (*) igeoUS over concatenation because it actually appends the the original, rather than creating a new list from soratch like + Use of the repetition operator may make more sense with strings, but as a sequence type, lists and tuples can also benefit from this operation, if needed: >>> num_List * 2 (43, -1.23, 2, 619000.0, 43, -1.23, -2, 619000.0) Ten) For strings, len() gives the total ength ofthe string, as in the number of characters. For lists (and tuples), it will not surprise you that len() returns the number of elements in the list (or tuple), * Container objects found within count asa single item, Our examples below use some ofthe lists already defined above in previous secti >>> len(num_fist)4 Copy a List ‘+ You cannot copy a list simply by typing list2 = list, because: list2 will only be a reference to listl, and changes made in list! will automatically also be made in list2. There are ways to make a copy, one way isto use the built-in List method copy(). >>>str_list = [jack jumped, ‘over, candlestick’) list.copy() >>>print(mylist) {ack,, jumped’, over’ ‘eandleste © Another way to make a copy is to use the built-in method list(), >>>str_list= (Jack, umpedt, ‘over ‘candlestick’] >>>mylist = listste_list) >>>print(mylist) (ack, jumped, ‘over’, candlestick’) List Methods ae Ree eT 35 { © scanned with OKEN ScannerMethod TUPLES Tuples: Tuple Items ae * Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on list. 1 Tuples are another container type extremely similar in nature to lists, * The only visible difference be Use square brackets, * Functionally there is a more significant difference, and that 's the fact that tuples are immutable. £ Tuples are used to store multiple items ina single variable, * Tuple is one of 4 built-in datatypes in Python used to store collections of da are List, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage, * Atuple is a collection which * Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values, * Tuple items are indexed, the frst item has index (0, the second item has index [1] ete, 1. Ordered: When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and that order will not change, Solving ramming For Problem fees Prog! Description ‘Adds an element at the end of the list Removes all the elements from the list Returns a copy of the list Returns the number of elements with the specified value ‘Add the elements ofa list (or any iterabe), to the end ofthe current list Returns the index ofthe first element with the specified value ‘Adds an element atthe specified position Removes the element at the specified position Removes the item with the specified value Reverses the order ofthe list Sorts the list ‘tween tuples and lists is that tuples use Parentheses and lists ta, the other 3 ordered and unchangeable, | © scanned with OKEN Scanneraoe Cea piss Pi 'rogramming For Problem Solving 2, Unchan, geable : Tuples are unchangeable remove fems afer the tole a ae eatin tat we cama change add or 3. Allow Duplicates : Since les can have items with the same value + Since tuple are indexed, tuples can have items wit i it How to Create and Assign Tuples Creating and assigning li i ating and signing lists are practically identical to lists, withthe exception of emptytuples. -quire a trailing comma ( ,) enclosed in the tuple delimiting parentheses (())- 2 aTuple = (123, ‘abe’, 4.56, ['inner’, tuple’), 7-9) >> anotherTuple = (None, 'something to see here’) >>> print aTuple (123, ‘abe’, 4.56, inner’, tuple}, (7-9))) >>> print anotherTuple (None, ‘something to see here’) >>> emptyTuple = 0 >>> print emptyTuple 90 How to Access Values in Tuples » Slicing works similar to lists: Use the square bracket slice operstor (C1) along with the index or indices. o> aTuple =(123, ‘abe’ 4.56, (inner, tuple, 7-9)) >>> aTuple(1:4] (abe!, 4.56, inner’, tuple) >> >>> aTuple[:3] (123, tabe!, 4.56) >>> aTuple(3)(1] ‘tuple How to Update Tuples ‘Like numbers and strings, change values of tuple elements: tuples are immutable which means you ‘cannot update them or portions of an existing sting to eal 82°" string. The gs, we were able to take Lins same applies for tuples. >>> aTuple = aTuple[0], aTuple(t), aTuplel-1] 37 meee! Mrlemenaerst aii ne / © scanned with OKEN Scannerg For Problem Solving >>> tup3 (12, 34.56, ‘abe’, 'y 2. Change Tuple Values: Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples are unchangeable, or immutable as it also is called. . * But there is a workaround. You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert the list back into a tuple. >>>aTuple = (123, ‘abe’, 4.56, [‘inner, tuple’), 7-9) >>>aList >>>aList{l] ="xyz" >>>aTuple = tuple(aList) >>>print(aTuple) (123, ‘xyz’, 4.56, (inner, tuple’), (7-9))) How to Remove Tuple Elements and Tuples * Removing individual tuple elements is not possible. * There is, of course, nothing wrong with putting together another tuple with the undesired elements discarded, * To explicitly remove an entire list just use the del statement: >>> delaTuple Single Element Tuples + Ifwe take a single element in tuple it will not considered as a as either int, float or strings based on the type of value whic element. * But there will not be any problem in list for single element in it, >>> ['abe'] Pabe'] >>> type(('abe') # a list >>> >>> [123] [123] >>> type({123]) # also a list >>> SHIRE ea oe 38 tuple but it will considered fh we have taken as a single EEE eee | © scanned with OKEN ScannerProgramming For Problem Solving >>> type((‘xyz’)) #a string, not atuple >> >>> (456) 456 >>> type((456)) # an int, not atuple . It probably does not help your case that the parentheses are also overloaded as the expression grouping operator. ‘© Parentheses around a single element take on that tuples. + The workaround isto place ataing comme () after the first element to indicate that this is a tuple and not a grouping. >>> (xyz) (xyz!) >>> (456,) (456) Unpacking a Tuple ‘© When we create a tuple, we normally (ing role rather than as a delimiter for assign values to it. Ths is called "packing" a tuple. Packing a Tuple: >>> aTupl >>>aTuple (123, abe’, 4.56, inner’ ‘tuple, 7-93) «But, in Python, we are also allowed to extract the values back into variables. Th "unpacking" Unpacking a tuple: >>> (a,b,c,d,e)=aTuple pea 123 >o>b ‘abe? pre 4.56 peed [‘inner, ‘tuple'] >>> (7-99) Note: The number of variables must ‘match the number of values i ect the remaining values 2s list asterisk to col 39 iin em Tonner mee (123, ‘abe’, 4.56, [inner’ tuple, 7-93) nthe tuple, ifnot, you must usean © scanned with OKEN ScannerProgramming For Problem Solving : Using Asterisk: sxe * Ifthe number of variables is less than the number ofvalues, you canadd an * to the variable ‘name and the values will be assigned to the variable as a list: >>> (ab,e)=aTuple >>a 123 >> b ‘abe! >>> {4.56, [inner ‘tuple'), (7-9) No Enclosing Delimite Any set of multiple objects, brackets for lists, examples: >>> abe’ comma-separated, written without identifying symbols, ie., Parentheses for tuples, etc., default to tuples, as indicated in these short 4.24093, 18+6.6), ‘xyz! Cabe', -4.24¢+093, (1846.6), 'xyz!) >>> >>>x, y= 1,2 >>> xy a, 2) Any function returning multiple objets (also no enclosing symbols) is a tuple. Join Two Tuples (+) * To join two or more tuples you can use the concatenation (+) operator: >>>aTuple=("a", "b", "c") >>>anotherTuple = (1, 2,3) >>>joinTuple = aTuple + anotherTuple >>>print(joinTuple) a’, 'b’, ‘c’, 1, 2, 3) Multiply Tuples(*) ‘© If you want to multiply the content of a tuple a given number of times, you can use the repetition (*) operator: So>a=("a", "b", "e") >>> b=at3 © scanned with OKEN ScannerUSSR ees Programming For Problem Solving Tuple Methods: count: The count() method returns the number of Example: >>>atuple = (1. 3, 7, 8, 7, >>>x = atuple.count(S >>>print(x)2 times a specified value appears in the tuple. indexQ:The index() method finds the first 0 . i occurrence of the speci is method rai exception ifthe value is not found. a Example: Search for the first occurrence of the value 8, and retum its position: >>paTupke = (1. 3. 7.8, 7,5, 4.6.8.5) >>>x = aTuple.index(8) >>>print(x)3 SETS Sets: € Sets are used to store multiple items ina single variable. ‘Asset is a collection which is both unordered and un indexed. Sets are written with curly brackets. 'As Sets are unordered, so you cannot be sure in which order the items will appear. ‘Asset as a whole can be changed, but the elements present in the set are unchangeable. Every element in the set must be unique (no duplicate values) and must be immutable (unchangeable). ‘These elements can be of the data type. However, sets are in itself data structure, which is unordered and mutable (changeable), These are used for performing mathematical operations such as union, intersection, ete. Creating Sets: + You can create set either by placing all the items in the curly braces or by using the set () function. The elements can be of integer, string, float, etc). Examplel: Using curly braces >>>My_Print= (10, "Hi, (7)} >>>print (My_Print) {10, "Hi, 7} Example2: Using Set () function >>>a= set ({10, 9.0, "bye"}) >>>print (a) {9.0, 10, 'bye"} APL Sea eee ee ee a OO eF=7e © scanned with OKEN Scannerjing For Problem solving PRU NGET Roncion Programme ) Example 3: Empty set >rrarset() >>Sprina) set() Example 4: S>>aSet = {jack’, jumped’, over, ‘candlestick') >>=print(aSet) #print: ing for first time candlestick’, ack’, ‘jumped’, ‘over’} >>print(aSet) #printing for second time {jumped’, ‘over’, ‘candlestick’, jack} Example 5: >>> aSet = {jack’, jumped’, ‘over! ; ; umped’, over’, * ‘over’ ooo aset 4 ‘candlestick* , over’) Set # ‘n't print duplicate values Gack: over, jumped! candlestick’) Modifying a Set: * Ifyou want to add only one element, then use add method, and for adding multiple- element you need to use 7 id if the update() method. Examplel: For adding single clement >>>a={10,3) >>>print(a) {10,3} >>>a.add(2) >>>print(a) {10,3,2} Example2: Using update() method >>>a= {10,3} >>>print(a) {10,3} >>> a.update({2,3,4]) >>>print(a) {10,2,3,4} Removing elements from a set: 4 To remove particular elements you can use discard() and remove (), ¢ The remove() method removes the specified element from the set, 4 The remove() method takes a single element as an argument and removes it from the set. . The remove() removes the specified element from the set and updates the set. It doesn't return any value. Malla'Reddy Gollege of Engineering and Technology| 42 © scanned with OKEN Scannerchil YeanT Semester blem Solving © eth : the clement passed to remove() doesn't exist, KeyError exception is thrown. Example 1: Remove an Element From The Set >>>language = {'English’, 'French’, ‘German'} >>> language.remove(‘German') >>>print(Updated language set:’, language) Updated language set: {'English’, 'French’} Example 2: Deleting Element That Doesn't Exist >>>animal= {'cat', 'dog’, 'rabbit'} >>>animal.remove( fish’) >>>print('Updated animal set, animal) It generates Key Error # You can use the set discard() method if you do not want this error. 4 The discard() method removes the specified element from the set. ¢ However, ifthe element doesn't exist, the set remains unchanged; you will not get an error. >>>animal = {‘cat’, ‘dog’, ‘rabbit’} >>>animal.discard(‘fish’) >>>print(Updated animal set:', animal) Updated animal set: {‘rabbit’, ‘dog’, 'cat’} ‘Accessing items in a set: = Asset element cannot be referenced by an index number since it is unordered. 4 However, the items in a set can be looped through by using a for a loop. 4 You can also choose to access a particular item in a set by using the “in” keyword. However, note that it is case sensitive. Using for loo; >>>fruits_set = {"mango", “banana”, “orange"} >>> for x in fruits_set: print(x) mango banana orange Using membership “in” keyword: >>>fruits_set = "mango", "banana’, “orange"} >>>print(“orange" in fruits_set) True >>> print("Orange" in fruits_set) False rE (TERE kaa see Cn RO 43 © scanned with OKEN Scannerst. Programming For Problem Solving ‘Clearing all items in a set: # You can remove al items in a set by using the clear() method. Copying a set * Anexisting set can be copied to a new set by using the copy() method. > fruit "mango", "banana", “orange"} fruits_set.copy() ‘new set: ", new_fruits_ set) now set: {"mango", "banana", “ora ', orange") Sorting a set: The values in a set can be sorted in ascending or descending order using the sorted() method, * By passing the set variable inside the sorted) parameter, the items in a set will be printed in ascending order by defauit. The sorted() method takes in three parameter-iterable, Key and reverse, * The iterable parameter is required in which you need to specify the variable name of the set, * The key and reverse parameter is optional. * You can use the reverse parameter to sort the items in ascending order (reverse descending order (reverse = True). Example: >>>vowel_ set = ("e", "a" "a", % "i" >>>print("Default sort: ", sorted(vowel_set)) Default sort: [a 'e, Ascending order: ['a','e, >>>print( "Descending orde ", sorted(vowel_set, reverse=True)) Descending order: {'u', ve, 'a}] Python Set Operations: 4 Sets can be used to carry out mathematical set operations like union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference. We can do this with operators or methods. ¢ Let us consider the following two sets for the following operations, >>> A= {1,2,3,4,5} >>> B= (4, 5, 6, 7, 8} TRIE ens 4 em © scanned with OKEN Scanner2)Using | operator: >>>print(A | By {1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 b)Use Union method: # use union function >>> A.union(B) (1,2,3,4,5, 6,7, 8) # use union function on B >>> B.union(A) {1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) Set Intersect ‘ Intersection of A and B is a set ofelements that are common in both the sets. * Intersection is performed using & operator. Same can be accomplished using the intersection() method. a)Using & operator: {I, 2,3, 4, 5} B= {4, 5, 6, 7,8} >>>print(A & B) {4, 5} b)Use Intersection metho # use intersection function on A >>> A.intersection(B) 1 erection frtonenB >>> B.intersection(A) {4, 5} © scanned with OKEN Scanner7 Solving LOO Ca Rees Programming For Problem Set Methods: | PYTHON DICTIONARIES Dictionary: ' Te last standard type to add to our repertoire isthe dictionary, the sole mapping type in ion, ' A dictionary is mutable and is another cor Objects, including other container types, A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and does not allow duplicates. So they are implemented as resizeable hash tables, Dictionaries are used to store data values in key-value pairs As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered. ntainer type that can store any number of Python Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values Creating a dictionary is as simple as placing items inside curly braces {) separated by commas. * An item has a key and a corresponding value that is expressed as a pair (Key: value). 4 While the values can be of any data type and can repeat, keys must be of immutable type (string, number or tuple with immutable elements) and must be unique. # We can also create a dictionary using the built-in dict() function, # empty dictionary >>> my_diet = {} # dictionary with integer keys "ball’} # dictionary with mixed keys {(name': John’, 1: (2, 4, 3]) | iMalla Reddy College of Engineering and ‘Technolog 46 © scanned with OKEN Scanner# using dict) >>omy_dict = dict(¢12 apple’, 2"ball’}) A cessing values in Dictionary: While indexing is used wi >>> print(my_dict['address) Traceback (most recent call ast: File "", line 1, in print(my_dict{'address')) KeyError: ‘address! b) Accessing values using get() method: >>> my_dict = {‘name': ‘Jack’, ‘age’: 26} >>>print(my_diet.get(age)) 26 >>>print(my_dict get(address)) None >> Get Values: The values() method will return a list of >>> xemy_dict.valuesO pox dict_values({‘Jack’, 26]) >> (Changing and adding dietionary elements) Updating Dictionaries able, We can add new items or change t # Dictionaries are mut: ‘an assignment operator. 4 Ifthe key is already present, 4 Incase the key is not present, then the existing value gets updated. ‘a new (key: value) pair is added to the ‘name’; ‘Jack, ‘age’: 26) updating value in dictionary >>> my_dict = >>> my_dict{'age'] = 27 ain eum © scanned with OKEN Scanner II the values in the dictionary. he value of exis "Ke: with other d toe ys can be used either inside lata types to access values, a dictionar Fwe use the squa square brackets {] or witht ry uses keys. dictionary. re brackets [], KeyError is raised i et * Onthe ot in case a key is not found in the ther hand, th a) , the get( 7 ) Accessing Values using catade returns None ifthe key is not found. >>> imy.dict = (/ame' ‘Yack, ‘age’ 26) print(my dicttname') Jack '(my_dict['name']) ing items using, dictionary.DEI >>> print(my_dicty (name: ack’, ‘age’: 2) * Adding Item in dictionary 2? my_diet{'address] = "Downtown! >>> print(my_dict) name’: Jack, ‘age’. 27, ‘address’: ‘Downtown'} Update Method: "The update) method Will update the dictionary with the items from a given argument. If the item does not exist, the item will be added. "The arg a dictionary, 'Y, OF an iterable object with key:value pairs. ‘address’: Downtown’) ack’, ‘age’: 27, ‘address': ‘Downtown’, ‘Gender’: Male’} The popitem( method can be used to emove and return an arbitrary (key, value) item pair from the dictionary Allthe items can be removed at once, using the clear) method, We can also use the del keyword to remove individual items or the entire dictionary itself Pop) method: 2 squares = (1:1, 2:4, 3:9, 4:16, 5:25) >>> print(squares.pop(4)) 16 >>> print(squares) {Ir 1,2:4, 3:9, 5:25) Popitem() method: >>> print(squares) {1:1 2:4, 3:9, 5: 25) >>> print(squares.popitem()) (5, 25) >>> print(squares) {1:1,.2: 4, 3:9} clear () method: SEE ens 48 © scanned with OKEN ScannerD> squares {Usd 3: OY >>> squares.cloarg) >>> print(squanes) uy del keywords 4 The det keyword removes the item with the specified key nme or i ean also de dictionary completely, >> del squares >>> prian(squares) ‘this will cause an error becatise “sqnares" no longer ests. Copy 4 Dictionary: © You cannot copy a dictionary simply by typing diet2 © diet, because diet2 will only bea reference to diet and changes made in dit will automaticaly also be made in diet2, # There are ways to make a enpy, one way i fo use the built-in etionary method copy: Example: ny_my_diet) me's ack’ ‘age 26) # Another way to make a copy is 0 use the bu Example: Make a copy of a dictionary with the diet() funetion: et(my_aliet Dictionary Membership Test + Wecantest ia key is ina dietionnry or not {est is only for the Keys ane not for the values the keyword in, Notice that the memb 4# Membership Test for Dictionary Keys 151, 3:9, 5:25, 7:49, 9: 81) >>>prin(l in squares) we >5>print(2 no True squares) TEE ne EMMETT _ © scanned with OKEN ScannerFro CET Byes el # membership tests for key only not valu Output: False >>>print(49 in squares) False Dictionary Methods Method Description least) Removes ail the elements from the detians! cony() ——_Returne a copy of the aierionary tromkeys() Ret Returns the value of the specified hey ont) ems) Returns 9 lit containing a tule for ench key v2lue pair koyst) Returns a list cantninina the aictionary's Heys opt) Removes the element with the specitied key uotein() — Removes the last inserted key-value pal? stdafault() Returns the value of the spactied hey. Ifthe key exes nit erist: weert the Hey, «ah updatet) Updates the ditionary watt ale pairs waluss() Returns a list of all Use values in the dictionery Number Type Conversion: Python converts numbers internally in an expression containing mixed types to 2 o0 type for evaluation. But sometimes, you need to coerce a number explicitly from one type to another to set the requirements of an operator or function parameter. + Type int(x) to convert xto a integer. * Type float(x) to convert xto a floating-point number. Type complex(x) to convert x to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part zero. Type complex(x, y) to convert x and yto a complex number with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y are numeric expressions Note: long (long int) will be used in Python 2.x but not in Python 3.x. som dos ‘ype conversion functions to directly convert one data type to another which is ti . fae 7 . seful in day. to-day and competitive programming. This article is aimed at providing information about certain conversion functions, FUER y College of Enginesriny ELT Meee nd © scanned with OKEN ScannerWe eral pisueeea her There i i types of Type. Conversion in Python: : ‘vthon Implicit Type Conversion Python Explicit Type Conversion ‘Type Conversion in Python The act of changing an object's data t automatically performs Implicit losing data. data type is known as type conversion. The Python interpreter Type Conversion. Python prevents Implicit Type Conversion from ‘The user converts the data types of objects using specified funetions in explicit type conversion, sometimes referred to as type casting. When type casting, data loss could happen if the object is forced (0 conform to a particular data type. Implicit Type Conversion in Python In Implicit type conversion of data types in Python, the Python interpreter automatically converts one data type to another without any user involvement. To get a more clear view of the topic see the below examples. print(2) print("z is of type:".type(2)) Output : x is of type: = Greater than oF equal to way <= Less than oF equalto xy Logical operators Operator © [PSone and Returns True ifboth Ix<5 and x< 10 statements are true or Returns True ifone ofthe x Signed right shift |Shift right by pushing copies ofthe leftmost bit in from the lef, and let the rightmost bits fall off Precedence of Operators: Operator precedence affects how an expression is evaluated. For example, x= 7+3 *2;here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, soit first multiplies 3*2 and then adds into 7. Example 1: pee 3t4n2 i Muttplication getseval >>> (10+ 10) *2 uated before the addition operation 40 Parentheses (overriding the precedence ofthe arithmetic operators Example 2: =20 =10 15 eaoce =0 excatbyte/d 4(30* 15)/5 prin("Value of(2+8) “6! ais", ¢) © scanned with OKEN ScannerTech 1 Year 1 Semester e=((a+b)*%c)/d 2 (30° 15)/5 print("Value of((a+b)* ¢)/dis", ©) (a~b) *(c/d); (30) * (15/5) print("Value of(a+b)* (c/d) is", e) +(b* 0)/d; 10 + (1505) print("Value ofa + (b *c)/dis",e) Output: Value of (a +b) * ¢/ dis 90.0 Value of (a+b) * c) /d is 90.0 Value of (a+ b) * (c/d) is 90.0 Value ofa+(b *c)/d is 50.0 Expressions: a An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators. An expression is evaluated using assignment operator. Python also defines expressions only contain identifiers, literals, and operators. So, Identifiers: Any name that is used to define a class, function, variable module, or object is an SO SSSSSSSSSsSSSSSSSSSSeseF Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technolog 56 © scanned with OKEN ScannerLAN KO De aisouenn Programming For Problem Sol Literals: These are language-independent terms in Python and should exist independently in any programming language. In Python, there are the string literals, byte literals, integer literals, floating point literals, and imaginary literals. Some of the python expressions are Generator expression: Syntax:( compute(var) for var in iterable ) >>> x: >>>x ifor in‘abe) #tuple comprehension at 0x033EEC30> >>> print(x) at 0x033EEC30> ‘ ot cuetengie! You might expect this to print as (a, ‘p, 'c) but it prints as The result of a tuple comprehension is not a tuple: it Be eee generator. The only thing that you need to know now about a generator no can iterate over it, but ONLY ONCE. Conditional expression: Syntax: true, value if condition else false_value >>> x= 1” if True else “2” >>> ped © scanned with OKEN Scanner