Seminar By-
QED LEARNINGS
1
Programming basics
code or source code: The sequence of instructions in a program.
syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be
used in a particular programming language.
output: The messages printed to the user by a program.
console: The text box onto which output is printed.
Some source code editors pop up the console as an external window,
and others contain their own console window.
2
C/Java/Python
WAP to print your name.
C
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Printf(“SOFCON”);
}
3
Java
class Name
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“SOFCON”);
}
}
4
Python
Print(“SOFCON”);
5
Compiling and interpreting
Many languages require you to compile (translate) your program
into a form that the machine understands.
compile execute
source code byte code output
Hello.java Hello.class
Python is instead directly interpreted into machine instructions.
interpret
source code output
Hello.py
6
Expressions
expression: A data value or set of operations to compute a value.
Examples: 1 + 4 * 3
42
Arithmetic operators we will use:
+ - * / addition, subtraction/negation, multiplication,
division
% modulus, a.k.a. remainder
** exponentiation
7
Math commands
Python has useful commands for performing calculations.
Command name Description Constant Description
abs(value) absolute value e 2.7182818...
ceil(value) rounds up pi 3.1415926...
cos(value) cosine, in radians
floor(value) rounds down
log(value) logarithm, base e
log10(value) logarithm, base 10
max(value1, value2) larger of two values
min(value1, value2) smaller of two values
round(value) nearest whole number
sin(value) sine, in radians
sqrt(value) square root
To use many of these commands, you must write the following at
the top of your Python program:
from math import *
8
Variables
variable: A named piece of memory that can store a value.
Usage:
Compute an expression's result,
store that result into a variable,
and use that variable later in the program.
assignment statement: Stores a value into a variable.
Syntax:
name = value
Examples: x = 5
gpa = 3.14
x 5 gpa 3.14
A variable that has been given a value can be used in expressions.
x + 4 is 9
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Variable
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Memory Representation of
variable
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Example
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print
print : Produces text output on the console.
Syntax:
print "Message"
print Expression
Prints the given text message or expression value on the console, and
moves the cursor down to the next line.
print Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN
Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.
Examples:
print "Hello, world!"
age = 45
print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement"
Output:
Hello, world!
You have 20 years until retirement
13
input
input : Reads a number from user input.
You can assign (store) the result of input into a variable.
Example:
age = input("How old are you? ")
print "Your age is", age
print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement"
Output:
How old are you? 53
Your age is 53
You have 12 years until retirement
Exercise: Write a Python program that prompts the user for
his/her amount of money, then reports how many Nintendo Wiis
the person can afford, and how much more money he/she will
need to afford an additional Wii.
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Comments
Comment procedure is so simple in python.
Two ways of comments-
Single Line
Multi Line
15
Logic
Many logical expressions use relational operators:
Operator Meaning Example Result
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 True
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 True
< less than 10 < 5 False
> greater than 10 > 5 True
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 False
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 True
Logical expressions can be combined with logical operators:
Operator Example Result
and 9 != 6 and 2 < 3 True
or 2 == 3 or -1 < 5 True
not not 7 > 0 False
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Strings
string: A sequence of text characters in a program.
Strings start and end with quotation mark " or apostrophe ' characters.
Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string"
"This, too, is a string. It can be very long!"
A string may not span across multiple lines or contain a " character.
"This is not
a legal String."
"This is not a "legal" String either."
A string can represent characters by preceding them with a backslash.
\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character
Example: "Hello\tthere\nHow are you?"
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String properties
len(string) - number of characters in a string
(including spaces)
str.lower(string) - lowercase version of a string
str.upper(string) - uppercase version of a string
Example:
name = "Martin Douglas Stepp"
length = len(name)
big_name = str.upper(name)
print big_name, "has", length, "characters"
Output:
MARTIN DOUGLAS STEPP has 20 characters
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Example
19
Slicing
You can take a shorter substring inside a longer strings.
Name[Starting point : Ending point]
name=“SAM”
print(name[0:1]);
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Concatenation
Combine two string.
msg=“Hello”+”Have”+”a”+”Nice”+”Day”
print(msg);
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Functions
Way of wrap your code.
def hi():
print(“hello”);
hi();
def add(a,b):
c=a+b;
print(c)
add(a,b);
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if
if statement: Executes a group of statements only if a certain
condition is true. Otherwise, the statements are skipped.
Syntax:
if condition:
statements
Example:
gpa = 3.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Your application is accepted."
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if/else
if/else statement: Executes one block of statements if a certain
condition is True, and a second block of statements if it is False.
Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements
Example:
gpa = 1.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Welcome to Mars University!"
else:
print "Your application is denied."
Multiple conditions can be chained with elif ("else if"):
if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements
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The for loop
for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of values.
Syntax:
for variableName in groupOfValues:
statements
We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or spaces.
variableName gives a name to each value, so you can refer to it in the statements.
groupOfValues can be a range of integers, specified with the range function.
Example:
for x in range(1, 6):
print x, "square is", x * x
Output:
1 square is 1
2 square is 4
3 square is 9
4 square is 16
5 square is 25
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range
The range function specifies a range of integers:
range(start, stop) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive)
It can also accept a third value specifying the change between values.
range(start, stop, step) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive) by step
Example:
for x in range(5, 0, -1):
print x
print "Blastoff!"
Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Blastoff!
Exercise: How would we print the "99 Bottles of Beer" song?
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While Loop
i =0;
While i <5:
print(i)
i =i+1
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List
List is an ordered set of values enclosed in square brackets[].
We can use index in square brackets[]
myEmptyList=[]
myIntegerList =[9,4,3,2,8]
myFloatList =[2.0,9.1,5.9,8.123432]
myCharList =['p','y','t','h','o','n']
myStringList =["Hello","Python","Ok done!"]
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Deriving from another List
myList1 =['first','second','third','fourth','fifth']
myList2 =myList1
myList2 =myList1[0:3]
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Appending to a List
emptyList =[]
emptyList.append('The Big Bang Theory')
emptyList.append('F.R.I.E.N.D.S')
emptyList.append('How I Met Your Mother')
emptyList.append('Seinfeld')
print(emptyList)
['The Big Bang Theory', 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S', 'How I Met Your Mother',
'Seinfeld']
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Indexing of elements
fruitsList=["Orange","Mango","Banana","Cherry","Blackberry","Avoc
ado","Apple"]
print(len(fruitsList));
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Using Loops with List
myList =['Last Of Us','Doom','Dota','Halo',' ']
For x in myList:
print(x)
Last Of Us
Doom
Dota
Halo
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Deleting an element from List
pop( )function:
myList.pop(4)
_____________________________________________________
Del keyword:
del myList[4]
del myList[3:7]
_____________________________________________________
remove( )function:
myList =['Apple','Orange','Apple','Guava']
myList.remove('Apple')
Print(myList)
33
More functions for Lists
1. insert(int, item)
myList=['Python','C++','Java','Ruby','Perl']
myList.insert(1,'JavaScript')
printmyList
2.reverse()
myList.reverse()
3.sort()
myList.sort()
4.myList.sort()
myList.reverse()
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Dictionaries
Dictionaries are much like lists with an extra parameter called
keys.
Creating a Dictionary
Key Value
Key-1 Element-1
Key-2 Element-2
Key-3 Element-3
Key-4 Element-4
Key-5 Element-5
Syntax
myDictionary ={'Key-1':'Element-1','Key-2':'Element-2','Key-
3':'Element-3','Key-4':'Element-4'}
myDictionary['Key-3']
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Dictionary with integer keys
integerDictionary={10:"C+
+",20:"Java",30:"Python",40:"Ruby",50:"C#",60:"Perl"}
integerDictionary[30]
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Dictionary with string as keys
identity={"name":"StudyTonight","type":"Educational","link":"https:
//studytonight.com","tag":"Best place to learn"}
Print(identity['name']+": "+identity['tag'])
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Accessing elements
For i in myDictionary:
print("Key: "+i +" and Element: "+myDictionary[i])
38
Deleting element(s)
identity={"name":"StudyTonight","type":"Educational","link":"http:/
/studytonight.com","tag":"Best place to learn"}
del identity["link"]
print(identity)
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Appending element(s)
identity["email":"[email protected]"]
identity
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Updating existing element(s)
courseAvail ={"Java":"Full-course","C/C++":"Full-
course","DBMS":"Full-course"}
identity.update(courseAvail)
41
Dictionary Functions
len()
len(myDictionary)
____________________________________________________
clear()
myDictionary.clear()
Print(myDictionary)
____________________________________________________
values()
myDictionary.values()
____________________________________________________
keys()
myDictionary.keys()
____________________________________________________
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Dictionary Functions
items()
myDictionary.items()
________________________________________________
has_key()
myDictionary.has_key("Key-2")
myDictionary.has_key("Key-6")
________________________________________________
cmp()
x ={1:1,2:2,3:3}
y ={1:1,2:2,3:3}
cmp(x,y)
________________________________________________
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Tuples
A tuple is a sequence of data
To define a tuple, we just have to assign a single variable with
multiple values separated by commas, and that variable will be
known as a Tuple
myTuple =1,2,3,4
print(myTuple)
secondTuple =1,2,"python",4
print(secondTuple)
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empty tuple
An empty tuple can be created using the tuple()function or by just
using an empty bracket()
emptyTuple =()
anotherEmptyTuple =tuple()
45
Indexing
example ="apple","orange","banana","berry","mango“
example[0]
46
Adding Elements to a Tuple
t =(1,2,3,4,5)
t =t +(7,)
print(t)
47
Deleting a Tuple
In order to delete a tuple, thedelkeyword is used.
del myTuple
48
Slicing in Tuples
t =(1,2,3,4)
t[2:4]
49
Basic Functions
Multiplication
t =(2,5)
print(t*3)
________________________________________________
Addition
t =(2,5,0)+(1,3)+(4,)
print(t)
________________________________________________
in keyword
t =(1,2,3,6,7,8)
print(2int)
________________________________________________
50
Basic Functions
len()function
t =1,2,3
print(len(t));
______________________________________________
max() and min() function
t =(1,4,2,7,3,9)
print(max(t))
Print(min(t))
51
Modules
A module is a file containing python definitions and statement.
>> Write a program for calculator using module.
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File Handling
Access Mode
r
W
a
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Exceptions
ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.
NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or
global.
IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given.
IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet
operations are being performed.
54
Without Exception
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b;
print(c)
#other code:
print("Hi I am other part of the program")
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Syntax
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With Exception
try:
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b;
print("a/b = %d"%c)
except Exception:
print("can't divide by zero")
else:
print("Hi I am else block")
57
Try with multiple except
try:
logic
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
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finally block
59
try:
logic;
except:
print("Error")
finally:
print("file closed")
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OOPs Concepts
Object
Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation
61
Class
class Employee:
id = 10;
name = "ayush"
def display (self):
print(self.id,self.name)
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Object
class Employee:
id = 10;
name = "John"
def display (self):
print(self.id,self.name)
emp = Employee()
emp.display()
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Constructor
A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used to
initialize the instance members of the class.
Constructors can be of two types.
Parameterized Constructor
Non-parameterized Constructor
64
Creating the constructor
class Employee:
def __init__(self,name,id):
self.id = id;
self.name = name;
def display (self):
print(self.id,self.name)
emp1 = Employee("John",101)
emp2 = Employee("David",102)
emp1.display();
emp2.display();
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Thank You………..
Have
a
Nice
Day………………….
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