CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGA

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 7, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 51-58
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGA
M. Bhargavi *
S. Koteshwara Rao **
*
Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering, M.Tech. (VLSI-SD) student, Avanthi Institute of
Engineering and Technology., JNTUH
** Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering, Asst Prof, Avanthi Institute of Engineering and
Technology., JNTUH.
Abstract: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum technique that uses neither frequency
channels nor time slots. With CDMA, the narrow band message (typically digitized voice data) is multiplied by
a large bandwidth signal that is a pseudo random noise code (PN code). All users in a CDMA system use the
same frequency band and transmit simultaneously. The transmitted signal is recovered by correlating the
received signal with the PN code used by the transmitter. The DS - CDMA is expected to be the major medium
access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness
against noise. The CDMA is uniquely featured by its spectrum-spreading randomization process employing a
pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, thus is often called the spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA). As different
CDMA users take different PN sequences, each CDMA receiver can discriminate and detect its own signal, by
regarding the signals transmitted by other users as noise- like interferences. In this project direct sequence
principle based CDMA transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA.
Modelsim 6.2(MXE) tool will be used for functional and logic verification at each block. The Xilinx synthesis
technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGA Spartan
3E.
Keywords: CDMA, DSSS, BPSK, GOLD code.
I. Introduction
Cellular technology has grown tremendously both in terms of traffic and the services it offers. The
mobile telecommunication industry facing the problem providing technology that be able to support a variety of
services ranging from voice communication with a bit rate of few Kbps to wireless multimedia in which bit rate
up to 2 Mbps. This tremendous growth has also been fuelled by the recent improvements in the capacity of
wireless links due to the use of multiple access techniques. The idea is to transmit signals simultaneously
through a linear band limited channel without inter channel or inter symbol interference. To design multi
channel transmission must concentrate on reducing cross talk between adjacent channels. One of the most
promising cellular standards is IS-95A code division multiple access (CDMA) system. The advantages Of IS-
95A CDMA standard over other standards are optimum subscriber station power management, bandwidth
recycling, efficient power control, multilayer diversity and compatibility. The forward link frequency is in the
range of (869-894) MHz and reverse link frequency is in the range of (824- 849) MHz In the mobile
communication transmission from the base station to mobile receiver are on the forward link and the
transmission from the mobile user to the base station are on the reverse link.
In the recent years the CDMA on FPGA platform has attracted attention of academic research and
industry. The Spartan TM-3E family of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) is specifically broadband
designed to meet the needs of high volume, cost-sensitive consumer electronic applications. The five-member
family offers densities ranging from 100,000 to 1.6 million system gates. Because of their exceptionally low
cost, Spartan -3E FPGAs are ideally suited to a wide range of consumer electronics applications, including
access, home networking, display/projection, and digital television equipment.
II. Background
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio
communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called CDMA one,
CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of CDMA one) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which
are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the
concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously
over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth).
This concept is called multiple accesses. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding
scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same
physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time.

CDMA Transmitter And Receiver Implementation Using FPGA
III. Channel Access Method
In telecommunications and computer networks, a channel access method or multiple access method
allows several terminals connected to the same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and to share
its capacity. A channel-access scheme is based on a multiplexing method, that allows several data streams or
signals to share the same communication channel or physical medium. Multiplexing is in this context provided
by the physical layer. Note that multiplexing also may be used in full-duplex point-to-point communication
between nodes in a switched network, which should not be considered as multiple accesses.
These are the four fundamental types of channel access schemes:
A. Frequency Division Multiple Access
The frequency division multiple access (FDMA) channel-access scheme is based on the frequency-
division multiplex (FDM) scheme, which provides different frequency bands to different data-streams. In the
FDMA case, the data streams are allocated to different nodes or devices. An example of FDMA systems were
the first-generation (1G) cell-phone systems, where each phone call was assigned to a specific uplink frequency
channel, and another downlink frequency channel. Each message signal (each phone call) is modulated on a
specific carrier frequency. A related technique is wavelength division multiple access (WDMA), based on
wavelength division multiplex (WDM), where different data streams get different colors in fiber-optical
communications.
B. Time Division Multiple Access (Tdma)
The time division multiple access (TDMA) channel access scheme is based on the time division
multiplex (TDM) scheme, which provides different time-slots to different data-streams (in the TDMA case to
different transmitters) in a cyclically repetitive frame structure. For example, node 1 may use time slot 1, node 2
time slot 2, etc. until the last transmitter. Then it starts all over again, in a repetitive pattern, until a connection is
ended and that slot becomes free or assigned to another node. An advanced form is Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA),
where a scheduling may give different time sometimes but sometimes node 1 may use time slot 1 in first frame
and use another time slot in next frame. As an example, 2G cellular systems are based on a combination of
TDMA and FDMA.
C. Packet Mode Multiple-Access
Packet mode multiple-access is typically also based on time-domain multiplexing, but not in a
cyclically repetitive frame structure, and therefore it is not considered as TDM or TDMA. Due to its random
character it can be categorised as statistical multiplexing methods, making it possible to provide dynamic
bandwidth allocation. This require a media access control (MAC) protocol, i.e. a principle for the nodes to take
turns on the channel and to avoid collisions.
D. Code Division Multiple Access /Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
The code division multiple access (CDMA) [3] scheme is based on spread spectrum, meaning that a
wider radio spectrum in Hertz is used than the data rate of each of the transferred bit streams, and several
message signals are transferred simultaneously over the same carrier frequency, utilizing different spreading
codes. The wide bandwidth makes it possible to send with a very poor signal-to-noise ratio of much less than 1
(less than 0 dB) according to the Shannon-Heartly formula, meaning that the transmission power can be reduced
to a level below the level of the noise and co-channel interference (cross talk) from other message signals
sharing the same frequency.
Fig.3. Code division multiple Access (CDMA)
CDMA technology was originally developed by the military during World War II. Researchers were spurred
into looking at ways of communicating that would be secure and work in the presence of jamming.

Some of the properties that have made CDMA useful are:
 Anti-jam and interference rejection
 Information security
 Accurate Ranging
 Signal hiding and non-interference with existing systems.
 Low probability of interception
IV. Spread Spectrum And Its Techniques
Spread spectrum is a means of transmission in which the signal occupies a bandwidth in excess of the
minimum necessary to send the information: the band spread is accomplished by means of a code which is
independent of the data, and synchronized reception with the code at the receive is used for de-spreading and
subsequent data recovery. Two types of spread spectrum techniques are there.
A. Frequency hopping spread spectrum
B. Direct sequence spread spectrum
A. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
The signal is broadcasted over a random series of radio frequencies, hopping from one frequency to
another frequency at fixed intervals a receiver, hopping between frequencies in synchronization with the
transmitter picks up the message.
B. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Each bit in the original signal is represented by multiple bits in the transmitted signal, using a spreading
code. The spreading code spreads the signal across a wider frequency band in direct proportion to the number of
bits used.
Fig.4.2. DS System Block Diagram
V. Ds-Ss Transmitter
In Direct Sequence-Spread Spectrum the baseband waveform is multiplied by the PN sequence. The
PN is produced using a PN generator. Frequency of the PN is higher than the Data signal. This generator
consists of a shift register, and a logic circuit that determines the PN signal. After spreading, the signal is
modulated and transmitted. The most widely modulation scheme is BPSK.
Fig.5.1. DS-SS Transmitter Block Diagram
The PN code used to spread the data can be of two main types. A short PN code (typically 10-128 chips in
length) can be used to modulate each data bit. Figure 4 shows the generation of a CDMA signal using a 10-chip length
short code. Alternatively a long PN code can be used.

A. The Pn Generator Design
PN sequences or Pseudo Noise sequence is a periodic binary code which is random in nature generated
by the use of shift registers, but generated with taking into considerations some generator polynomials. These
properties are known also known as balance property, run property, and correlation property respectively. This
code is orthogonal in nature. PN sequence is also known as Maximal Length Sequences.
A PN code is a sequence of chips valued -1 and 1 (polar) or 0 and 1 (non-polar) and has noise-like
properties. This results in low cross- correlation values among the codes and the difficulty to jam or detect a
data message. A usual way to create a PN code is by means of at least one shift-register. When the length of
such a shift-register is n, the following can be said about the period NDS of the above mentioned code-families:
NDS = 2n
-1.
Fig.5.2. PN Generator Block Diagram
B. Bpsk Modulator
The BPSK Modulator is based on the idea of changing the phase of the carrier signal whenever the
incoming Bit changes its state, for example, if the incoming message changes its state from 0–1, the carrier
changes its phase by +180°, and if it changes its state from 1–0 the carrier changes its phase by -180°.
The BPSK modulator produces the band pass spread spectrum signal which is suitable for transmission
from the spreaded signal. The BPSK modulator is implemented using pure digital architecture. The input to the
BPSK modulator is the spreaded signal. Spreaded signal is the signal generated by using the PN code and the
input data of the CDMA transmitter.
Spreaded signal
VI. Ds-Ss Receiver
The CDMA receiver gets its input from the transmitter section and recover the data using matched
filter. The matched filter can distinguish the PN sequence and the passes the data to the respective user. We
Demodulate the BPSK signal first, Low Pass Filter the signal, and then dispread the filtered signal, to obtain the
original message. In the demodulator section, we simply reverse the process. Demodulate the BPSK signal first,
Low Pass Filter the signal, and then dispread the filtered signal, to obtain the original message.

Fig.6.1. DS-SS Receiver
A. Gold Sequence Generator
Length of gold sequence generated is 127 Number of communication links supported is a
63.Correlation property of gold sequences is better than ml sequences and hence they are more preferred. The
length of the Gold Sequence is 2n
-1
Fig.6.2. Gold Sequence Generator
B. Bpsk Demodulator
Digital coherent BPSK demodulator principle is used in this project for receiving the DS-CDMA
signals. The BPSK demodulator produce 15 (-7 to 7) digital words, unlike in conventional BPSK demodulator
which produces only two symbols („1‟ and „0‟). This is necessary due to the low power spectral density of DS-
CDMA signals and it is only possible to detect the information bits after correlation. This dynamic range of
BPSK demodulator can be changed, for a given specification.
C.Low Pass Filter (Matched Filter)
Matched filter based correlator is used in this project for receiving the DS-CDMA signals. The
correlator accepts the 128 demodulator outputs and multiplies with 128 length PN sequence which is a sequence
of +1 and -1. The outputs of multipliers are accumulated to produce the correlator output. The magnitude of the
correlator output peaks whenever exact match occurs between the PN sequence and BPSK demodulator outputs.
The output of the matched filter is given to the threshold detector, for detecting the information bits.
VII. Design And Implementation
A . Design Of Cdma Transmitter
And Receiver
The design and implementation of the CDMA transmitter and receiver considers the following specifications
1. Type of PN Sequence: Gold Code
2. LFSR Size: Two 7 bit LFSRs in case of Gold Sequence 3. PN Sequence Length: 127 in case of gold sequence
4. Maximum no. of communication Links: 63 in case of gold sequence
5.Type of Modulation : BPSK
6. Type of demodulation : Coherent BPSK demodulation 7. Type of Correlator : Matched Filter
8. Type of Signal Synthesis: LUT based direct digital fequency
9. Phase Resolution Chosen in DDFS : 5.625
10. Threshold Type adjustable: Constant Threshold value 11. Front end Design Entry : VHDL
12. Backed Synthesis : Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA
C . Vhdl Implementation Of Cdma
Transmitter And Receiver
A VHDL specification can be executed in order to achieve high level of confidence in its correctness
before commencing design and may simulate one to two orders of magnitude faster than a gate level description.
Following tools are used while developing, testing, implementing and programming the CDMA
transmitter and receiver blocks. Simulation - Modelsim Xilinx Edition (MXE) Synthesis - Xilinx Synthesis
Technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE

VIII. Results
A.Simulation Results
Simulation result for DS CDMA Transmitter
Fig.8.3. Simulation result for DS CDMA Transmitter.
The above simulation result shows the DS CDMA transmitter tested with inputs user_key, user_data, pn_seq
and output observed is out_ss_signal.
Simulation result for DS CDMA demodulator
Fig.8.4. Simulation result for DS CDMA demodulator.
The above simulation result shows the demodulator output which is scaled to 4 bits.In the above figure
demodulated output which is scaled to 4 bits can be seen at demod_out_value.The values lie in the range of -7
and +7.This is obtained by right shift by nine places and then truncating to 4 bits. This is sent as input to serial
to parallel convertor.
B. Synthesis Results
The Floorplan for transmitter on Spartan-3E FPGA is given in the below figure.
Fig.8.5. Floor plan for transmitter block
The Floorplan for receiver on Spartan-3E FPGA is given in the below figure.
Fig.8.6. Floor plan for receiver on Spartan-3E FPGA

C. Chipscope Results
Chipscope Pro Analyzer DS CDMA Top Level Module
Fig.8.7. Chipscope Pro Analyzer DS CDMA Top Level Module.
The above chipscope output shows the transmitted signal which is out_ss_signal.It can be observed that
data bit and the rx_out_bit user are equal.
IX. Conclusion
In the proposed Project I have implemented various modules of Direct Sequence Code Multiple Access
Communication System. It has been observed that the implemented design is fully reconfigurable on any
communication links. System developed is implemented with 127 gold code sequence, it can be implemented
with any length sequence very easily.
The developed DS CDMA system provides efficient area utilization on FPGA.This is obtained by
implementing scaling process in receiver section. Chipscope analysis which provides testing and on chip debug
at runtime is also implemented and the results obtained are satisfactory. This work has the following
applications.
�Custom CDMA communication setup with specified
PN sequence length and number of users
�Standard CDMA systems designs such as used
for mobiles and GPS
Implementation of a CDMA communication system with
DSSS technique in VHDL has the following advantages
�The design is fully reconfigurable
�The number of bits and PN sequence can be
changed very easily
�Useful for both FPGA and ASIC implementations.
Disadvantages
�Complex hardware is involved in receiver design
which increases the cost of the system
X. Future Scope
The proposed project can be further extended to implement with multiple transmitters and receiver‟s .It
can be implemented with different modulation techniques and a comparative analysis can also be made. Various
techniques can also be implemented to improve the multipath interference effect.
The concept can be extended to design the Global Positioning System which is CDMA system. Frequency
hopping spread spectrum technique can also be implemented and compared.
References
[1]. B. Sreedevi, V. Vijaya, CH. Kranthi Rekh, Rama Valupadasu, B. RamaRao Chunduri, “FPGA implementation of DSSS-CDMA
transmitter and receiver for Adhoc Networks.” IEEE Symposium on computers and informatics 2011.
[2]. Shahraki, A.S.; Nabavi, A, “Implementation of GSM and IS-95 equalizers on a reconfigurable architecture for software radio systems,
Circuits and Systems for communications 2008 ,Publication Year: 2008 , Page(s): 336 – 339.
[3]. M.Habib Ullah, Akhmad Unggul Priantoro, M.Jasim Uddin, “Design and Construction of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum CDMA
Transmitter and Receiver” Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT 2008)
[4]. Jeffrey G.Andrews, “Interference Cancellation for Cellular Systems: A Contemporary Overview”, IEEE Wireless Communications
Magazine, Apr. 2005.
[5]. Ashwin Sampath, Joseph S. Kaufman, , Muralidharan S. Kodialam, , and Kenneth C. Budka,, “ Performance Analysis of Call
Assignment and Carrier Packing Schemes for TDMA Systems”, IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, vol. 52, no. 6,
November 2003
[6]. R. Derryberry, S. Gray, “Transmit Diversity in 3G CDMA Systems”. IEEE Communication Magazine, pp 68-75, April 2002.
[7]. David Tse , “Multiuser Diversity in Wireless Networks.”, Stanford University ,April , 2001.
[8]. S. Bisada H. Baraka A. Abdelwahab and M. El Sherif “A Software Radio Architecture For CDMA IS-95-based Dual Mode Mobile

Terminals”,43rd IEEE Mdwest Symp. on Cmuts and Systems, Lansing MI, Aug 8-1 1, 2000
[9]. Gina Hooper and Alan Sicher, “Advanced TDMA Digital AMPS Mobile Data And Messaging Capabilities” Ericsson Inc., 1996 IEEE
*Mrs.M.Bhargavi, obtained her B.Tech degree from Sree Dhatta Institute of Engineering and
Technology, affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India in the year 2010. Now
she is pursing M.Tech degree from Avanthi Institute of Engineering and technology, affiliated
to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. She is interested in the field of
communications and embedded systems.
**Mr.S.Koteshwara Rao, obtained his B.Tech degree from JNTU Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
India. And he obtained his M.Tech degree in Azad college of engineering, affliated to JNTUH,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. He is having 5 years of experience in the field of wireless
communications and digital signal processing.

CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGA

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CDMA Transmitter and Receiver Implementation Using FPGA