This Unit 2 Class 10th Computer Application Notes covers everything a Class 10 student needs to know about HTML. Based on the latest NCERT guidelines, these Class 10th CS Notes provide a comprehensive overview of key HTML concepts, including tags, attributes, and structure, and include important questions designed to help you score well in both your class tests and final Class 10th board exams.
Class 10 Computer Application Unit 2 Notes - HTML
Table of Content
- Introduction to Web Page Designing Using HTML
- HTML Tags
- Attributes: text, background, bgcolor, link, vlink, alink
- Font Tags (attributes: face, size, color)
- Insert Images: img (attributes: src, width, height, alt), sup (super script), sub (subscript)
- HTML Forms
- HTML Forms Example
- Embed Audio and Video in a HTML Page
- Create a Table Using the Tags
- Links: Significance of Linking, anchor element (attributes: href, mailto), targets
- Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
- Basic CSS Example
Introduction to Web Page Designing Using HTML
Basic Definition of HTML
HTML is the language of the web, used by billions of websites to create the pages you see every day. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is the standard language used to create and design web pages on the internet. It was introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 at CERN as a simple markup language. Since then, it has evolved through versions from HTML 2.0 to HTML5 (the latest 2024 version).
HTML is a combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the link between the web pages and Markup language defines the text document within the tag. In this article, you will learn how to use HTML to create and style web pages. You will start with HTML fundamentals, such as basic HTML tags and their attributes, classes, layout, and responsiveness.
Creating and Saving an HTML Document
- Open a Text Editor:
- Use a simple text editor like Notepad (Windows) or TextEdit (Mac). You can also use more advanced editors like VS Code or Sublime Text.
- Write Your HTML Code:
- Save the HTML File:
- Save the document with an
.html extension. For example, you could name it index.html. - In Notepad, go to
File > Save As..., choose All Files in the “Save as type” dropdown, and type index.html as the file name. Make sure you select UTF-8 encoding if available.
Accessing a Web Page Using a Web Browser
- Open Your Web Browser:
- Use any web browser like Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Edge.
- Open the HTML File:
- Drag and drop your saved
index.html file into the browser window, or use the browser’s Open File option:- Chrome/Firefox/Edge: Press
Ctrl+O (Windows) or Cmd+O (Mac), then navigate to and select your index.html file. - Safari: Use
File > Open File... from the menu and select your HTML file.
- View Your Web Page:
- Your browser will display the content of your HTML file. You should see the “Hello, World!” heading and the paragraph text you created. This is your first web page!
Tips and Tricks
- Editing and Refreshing: If you make changes to your HTML file, save the file and refresh the web browser to see the updates.
- Experiment: Try adding more HTML elements like images (
<img>), links (<a>), and lists (<ul>, <li>) to see how they appear on your page.
By following these steps, you can start designing your own web pages using HTML, experimenting with different elements and styles to create your unique website.
Here's a simple breakdown of the essential HTML tags: <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>, along with their roles and examples:
1. <html> Tag
2. <head> Tag
3. <title> Tag
4. <body> Tag
Putting It All Together
Here’s how these tags work together in a basic HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>My First Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
<p>This is my first HTML page. Welcome!</p>
<a href="https://www.example.com">Click here to visit Example</a>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>: Declares the document type and HTML version.<html>: The root element wrapping all HTML content.<head>: Contains metadata like the title and character set.<title>: Sets the page title shown in the browser tab.<body>: Contains the visible content of the page.
This structure forms the foundation of any HTML document, helping you create and organize web content effectively.
Attributes: text, background, bgcolor, link, vlink, alink
Here’s an overview of HTML attributes like text, background, bgcolor, link, vlink, and alink, along with their use cases:
1. text Attribute
2. background Attribute
3. bgcolor Attribute
4. link Attribute
5. vlink Attribute
6. alink Attribute
Modern Alternatives
These attributes are now considered outdated and should be replaced with CSS for styling:
- Text Color:
p {
color: #000000; /* Black text */
} - Background Image:
body {
background-image: url('background-image.jpg');
} - Background Color:
body {
background-color: #f0f0f0; /* Light gray background */
} - Link Colors:
a:link {
color: #0000ff; /* Blue for unvisited links */
}
a:visited {
color: #800080; /* Purple for visited links */
}
a:active {
color: #ff0000; /* Red for active links */
}
Using CSS instead of these deprecated HTML attributes provides greater flexibility and control over styling and ensures your code adheres to modern standards.
Here’s a guide on how to use the <br> tag (line break), <hr> tag (horizontal rule), inserting comments, and heading tags (<h1> to <h6>) in HTML:
1. <br> Tag (Line Break)
2. <hr> Tag (Horizontal Rule)
Putting It All Together
Here’s how these elements might be used in a simple HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>
<p>This is an introduction paragraph.</p>
<br>
<p>Here’s another paragraph with a line break above it.</p>
<hr>
<h2>Section Heading</h2>
<p>This section starts with a heading and a horizontal rule.</p>
<!-- This comment explains the next section -->
<h3>Subsection Heading</h3>
<p>Details about the subsection.</p>
</body>
</html>
This example shows how to combine line breaks, horizontal rules, comments, and headings to structure and format an HTML page effectively.
p (paragraph), b (bold), i (italics), u (underline), ul (unordered list), ol (ordered list), and li (list item)
Here's a detailed guide on HTML tags for formatting text and creating lists:
1. <p> Tag (Paragraph)
2. <b> Tag (Bold)
3. <i> Tag (Italics)
4. <u> Tag (Underline)
Putting It All Together
Here’s how these tags might be used in a single HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This paragraph contains some <b>bold</b> text, <i>italic</i> text, and <u>underlined</u> text.</p>
<h2>Unordered List:</h2>
<ul>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
</ul>
<h2>Ordered List:</h2>
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This example demonstrates how to format text with bold, italics, and underline, and how to create both unordered and ordered lists. Each list item is placed within the <li> tags, and lists are wrapped in either <ul> or <ol> tags depending on whether you want bullets or numbers.
Description lists: dl, dt and dd,
Here’s a guide on HTML description lists and the attributes for ordered and unordered lists:
Description Lists: <dl>, <dt>, and <dd>
<dl> Tag (Description List)<dt> Tag (Description Term)- Purpose: Specifies a term in the description list. This tag is used to define the term or name being described.
- Example:
<dt>HTML</dt>
- Result: Displays “HTML” as the term to be described.
<dd> Tag (Description Detail)
Attributes of ol (start, type), ul (type)
Attributes for Lists
1. Ordered List Attributes: start, type
start Attributetype Attribute
2. Unordered List Attribute: type
type Attribute
Putting It All Together
Here’s an example of a complete HTML document using description lists and various list attributes:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Lists Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Description List:</h2>
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>Hypertext Markup Language, the standard language for creating web pages.</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Cascading Style Sheets, used for styling HTML elements.</dd>
</dl>
<h2>Ordered List with Attributes:</h2>
<ol start="3" type="I">
<li>Item A</li>
<li>Item B</li>
</ol>
<h2>Unordered List with Attribute:</h2>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This example shows how to use description lists to provide definitions, and how to apply attributes to ordered and unordered lists to control their appearance and starting points.
The <font> tag in HTML was used to style text with specific fonts, sizes, and colors. However, it's considered obsolete in modern HTML and has been replaced by CSS for styling purposes. Here’s a brief overview of the <font> tag and its attributes:
The <font> Tag
- Purpose: The
<font> tag was used to define the font, size, and color of text. It allowed for inline styling within HTML documents, but it’s no longer recommended for use in modern web design.
Attributes of the <font> Tag
face Attributesize Attributecolor Attribute
Modern CSS Alternatives
Instead of using the <font> tag, CSS provides more powerful and flexible styling options. Here’s how you can achieve the same effects using CSS:
CSS for Font Face
<p style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">This is text in Arial font.</p>
CSS for Font Size
<p style="font-size: 16px;">This text is 16 pixels in size.</p>
CSS for Font Color
<p style="color: #ff0000;">This text is red.</p>
Putting It All Together
Here’s an example using CSS to replace the old <font> tag attributes:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Styling Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; color: #333333;">
This is styled with modern CSS: Arial font, 18px size, and dark gray color.
</p>
</body>
</html>
While the <font> tag was once used for text styling, it's now outdated. Using CSS is the recommended approach for controlling font properties, as it offers more flexibility and is consistent with modern web design practices.
Insert Images: img (attributes: src, width, height, alt), sup (super script), sub (subscript)
1. Inserting Images with <img> Tag
The <img> tag is used to display images on a web page. It is a self-closing tag, meaning it does not need a closing tag.
2. Super Script with <sup> Tag
The <sup> tag is used to display text as superscript, which means the text appears slightly above the baseline and is usually smaller.
3. Subscript with <sub> Tag
The <sub> tag is used to display text as subscript, meaning the text appears slightly below the baseline and is usually smaller.
- Example:
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
- Result: Displays the “2” as subscript in the chemical formula H₂O.
Putting It All Together
Here’s a sample HTML document incorporating images, superscript, and subscript:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Image and Text Formatting</h1>
<h2>Inserting an Image:</h2>
<img src="https://www.example.com/image.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="A beautiful scenery">
<h2>Using Superscript:</h2>
<p>The famous equation is E = mc<sup>2</sup>, where c is the speed of light.</p>
<h2>Using Subscript:</h2>
<p>Water is represented as H<sub>2</sub>O in chemical formulas.</p>
</body>
</html>
Summary
- Use the
<img> tag with src, width, height, and alt attributes to insert and control images. - Use the
<sup> tag for superscript text, and the <sub> tag for subscript text to format text effectively for scientific or mathematical notation.
HTML forms are essential for collecting user input on web pages. HTML Forms utilize the <form> element as a powerful tool to collect user input through a variety of interactive controls. These controls range from text fields, numeric inputs, email fields, password fields, to checkboxes, radio buttons, and submit buttons. In essence, an HTML Form serves as a versatile container for numerous input elements, thereby enhancing user interaction.
Syntax:
<form>
<!--form elements-->
</form>
Example: This HTML forms collects the user personal information such as username and password with the button to submit the form.
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Html Forms</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>HTML Forms</h2>
<form>
<label for="username">Username:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username"><br><br>
<label for="password">Password:</label><br>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output:
HTML FormHere’s a breakdown of different form elements like textboxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, passwords, lists, and combo boxes, along with examples for each:
1. Textbox
3. Checkbox
4. Password
6. Combo Box (Dropdown with Text Input)
Putting It All Together
Here’s a simple HTML form that includes textboxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, a password field, a dropdown list, and a combo box:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Form Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Form Example</h1>
<form>
<!-- Textbox -->
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" placeholder="Enter your username"><br><br>
<!-- Radio Buttons -->
<p>Select your gender:</p>
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" value="male">
<label for="male">Male</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" value="female">
<label for="female">Female</label><br><br>
<!-- Checkboxes -->
<p>Select your interests:</p>
<input type="checkbox" id="coding" name="interests" value="coding">
<label for="coding">Coding</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="gaming" name="interests" value="gaming">
<label for="gaming">Gaming</label><br><br>
<!-- Password -->
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" placeholder="Enter your password"><br><br>
<!-- Dropdown List -->
<label for="country">Choose your country:</label>
<select id="country" name="country">
<option value="usa">United States</option>
<option value="canada">Canada</option>
<option value="uk">United Kingdom</option>
</select><br><br>
<!-- Combo Box -->
<label for="city">City:</label>
<input type="text" id="city" name="city" list="cities">
<datalist id="cities">
<option value="New York">
<option value="Los Angeles">
<option value="Chicago">
</datalist><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Embed Audio and Video in a HTML Page
Embedding audio and video in an HTML page is straightforward with the <audio> and <video> tags. Here’s a guide on how to use these tags to include multimedia content:
1. Embedding Audio
The <audio> tag is used to embed audio files in an HTML document. You can specify multiple audio formats to ensure compatibility across different browsers.
2. Embedding Video
The <video> tag is used to embed video files. Like <audio>, you can include multiple video formats to ensure compatibility.
Adding Multiple Sources
For better compatibility, you can include multiple <source> tags within <audio> or <video>. This allows browsers to choose the format they support.
Putting It All Together
Here’s a sample HTML document that embeds both audio and video with multiple source formats:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multimedia Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Embed Audio and Video</h1>
<!-- Audio -->
<h2>Listen to This Audio:</h2>
<audio controls>
<source src="audio/sample.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
<source src="audio/sample.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
<!-- Video -->
<h2>Watch This Video:</h2>
<video width="640" height="360" controls>
<source src="video/sample.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="video/sample.webm" type="video/webm">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
</body>
</html>
- Use the
<audio> tag with src and controls attributes to embed audio files. - Use the
<video> tag with src, controls, and optional attributes like width, height, autoplay, and loop to embed video files. - Include multiple
<source> tags to ensure compatibility with different browsers.
Creating a table in HTML involves using several tags to define the table structure and its contents. Here’s a guide on how to use the <table>, <tr>, <th>, <td>, rowspan, and colspan attributes to create and customize a table.
1. Basic Table Structure
<table>: Defines the table.<tr>: Defines a row in the table.<th>: Defines a header cell, which is bold and centered by default.<td>: Defines a standard data cell.
2. Using rowspan and colspan Attributes
rowspan: Merges multiple rows into one cell.colspan: Merges multiple columns into one cell.
Example: Creating a Table
Here’s an example of an HTML table with header cells, data cells, and merged rows and columns:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My HTML Table</h1>
<table border="1">
<!-- Table Header -->
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
<th>Header 3</th>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 1 -->
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Cell 1</td>
<td colspan="2">Row 1, Cell 2 (spans 2 columns)</td>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 2 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Row 2 and 3, Cell 1 (spans 2 rows)</td>
<td>Row 2, Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 3 -->
<tr>
<td>Row 3, Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 4 -->
<tr>
<td>Row 4, Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 4, Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 4, Cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Explanation
- Table Header:
<th> elements are used for headers. In this example, three header cells are defined in the first row.
- Row 1:
- The first cell uses
<td> with colspan="2", merging two columns into one cell.
- Row 2 and 3:
- The first cell in Row 2 uses
rowspan="2", merging it with the cell directly below it in Row 3.
- Row 4:
- Standard cells are used without merging.
Links: Significance of Linking, anchor element (attributes: href, mailto), targets
Links are a fundamental part of the web, allowing users to navigate between pages and access various resources. Here’s a breakdown of the significance of linking, the <a> (anchor) element, and its attributes:
1. Significance of Linking
Links, or hyperlinks, are essential for several reasons:
- Navigation: They allow users to move from one page to another or to different sections within the same page, making navigation seamless.
- Access to Resources: Links can direct users to external websites, documents, or multimedia resources.
- Improved User Experience: They provide a way to connect related content, helping users find relevant information quickly.
Example: Clicking on a link to a tutorial page while reading an article about web design.
2. Anchor Element (<a> Tag)
The <a> element, also known as the anchor tag, is used to create hyperlinks. Here’s how you can use it:
Attributes of the <a> Element:
href: Specifies the URL or address the link points to.mailto: Opens the default email client to send an email to the specified email address.target: Specifies where to open the linked document.
Putting It All Together
Here’s a simple HTML example that demonstrates how to use links:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Links Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>
<!-- External Link -->
<p>Check out <a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank">Example Website</a> for more information.</p>
<!-- Email Link -->
<p>If you have questions, <a href="mailto:[email protected]">email us</a>.</p>
<!-- Internal Link -->
<p>Go back to the <a href="#top">top of this page</a>.</p>
<!-- Anchor Link (Internal) -->
<h2 id="top">Top of the Page</h2>
<p>Content at the top of the page.</p>
</body>
</html>
- Significance: Links help users navigate between web pages and access various online resources.
- Anchor Element: Use the
<a> tag to create links.href: Specifies the link’s destination.mailto: Opens the email client.target: Defines where the link will open (same tab, new tab, etc.).
Understanding these basics allows you to create effective and user-friendly links in your web pages.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used to style and layout web pages. They control the look and feel of HTML elements, making web pages not only functional but also visually appealing. CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a language used to style and enhance websites. It controls how HTML elements such as text, images, and buttons—are displayed on a webpage.
With CSS, you can adjust font sizes and colors, add backgrounds, and manage the layout, transforming a basic webpage into a visually appealing and user-friendly experience. CSS also simplifies layout management across multiple web pages by using external stylesheets stored in CSS files.
Here’s a basic introduction to key CSS properties and how they can be applied:
1. Introduction to CSS
CSS is a language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML. It allows you to:
- Change Colors: Set text, background, and border colors.
- Adjust Layouts: Control the size, spacing, and positioning of elements.
- Apply Fonts: Set font families, styles, and sizes.
- Style Elements: Customize borders, margins, and more.
Basic CSS Example
In this example, we will use all of them with different properties.
HTML
<!-- File name: index.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<!-- Importing External CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
<!-- Using Internal CSS -->
<style>
h2 {
color: green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Using Inline CSS -->
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Welcome To GFG</h2>
<p>CSS Tutorial - GeeksforGeeks</p>
</body>
</html>
/* External CSS */
/* File name: style.css */
p {
text-align: center;
}
OUTPUT:
Output after applying CSS2. Key CSS Properties
color: Sets the color of text.- Example:
color: #333; (Dark grey text)
background-color: Sets the background color of an element.- Example:
background-color: #ffcc00; (Yellow background)
border-style: Defines the style of the border (solid, dashed, dotted, etc.).- Example:
border-style: solid; (Solid border)
margin: Sets the space outside an element's border.- Example:
margin: 20px; (20px space around the element)
height: Defines the height of an element.- Example:
height: 100px; (100 pixels high)
width: Defines the width of an element.- Example:
width: 200px; (200 pixels wide)
outline: Adds an outline around an element, outside of its border.- Example:
outline: 2px solid red; (2px solid red outline)
font-family: Specifies the font type.- Example:
font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; (Times New Roman font)
font-style: Sets the style of the font (normal, italic, oblique).- Example:
font-style: italic; (Italic text)
font-size: Sets the size of the font.- Example:
font-size: 18px; (18 pixels font size)
text-align: Aligns the text inside an element (left, right, center, justify).- Example:
text-align: center; (Centered text)
float: Allows an element to float to the left or right of its container, enabling text to wrap around it.- Example:
float: left; (Floats the element to the left)
3. Practical Application
Here’s a practical example to see how these properties are used in context:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>CSS Properties Example</title>
<style>
.container {
width: 100%;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
padding: 20px;
}
.box {
width: 150px;
height: 150px;
background-color: #3498db;
border: 3px solid #2980b9;
margin: 10px;
padding: 10px;
color: white;
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
font-size: 18px;
font-style: italic;
text-align: center;
float: left;
}
.box:last-child {
background-color: #e74c3c;
border-style: dashed;
outline: 4px solid #c0392b;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="box">Box 1</div>
<div class="box">Box 2</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
- CSS: Styles HTML elements to enhance web page appearance.
- Properties: Control text color, background, borders, margins, sizes, fonts, and layout.
- Usage: Apply CSS in
<style> tags or external stylesheets to format and design web pages effectively.
This overview should help you understand and apply CSS properties to design and layout web pages.
Conclusion
In conclusion, these Class 10th CS Notes for Unit 2 - HTML will help you master key web development concepts and excel in your exams. With a solid understanding of this unit, you'll be well-prepared to score high marks.
After completing Unit 2, don't forget to explore our Unit 3 notes to further strengthen your knowledge and continue your success.
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CBSE Class 10 Chemistry Notes Class 10 Chemistry Notes by GeeksforGeeks have been developed as per the Latest pattern prescribed by CBSE for Class 10 Boards Exam 2021-22. In these revisions notes, all the important concepts and topics are covered Chapterwise. These notes are more useful as these are prepared according to the rev
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Physics Notes For Class 10 Physics is a crucial subject for Class 10 students, and it plays a significant role in their overall performance in the CBSE board exams. To help students develop a strong grasp of the subject and perform well in their exams, we provide detailed and easy-to-understand Physics notes. These notes are
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CBSE Class 10 Biology Chapter-Wise Notes CBSE Class 10 Chapter-wise Notes of Biology is useful for students to quickly revise important topics for their board examination. Class 10 Biology is an exciting subject that covers a different range of topics such as Life Processes, Control, and Coordination, How Do organisms Reproduce, Heredity,
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