| -V | The -V (version) option causes sudo to print the version number and exit. If the invoking user is already root, the -V option will print out a list of the defaults sudo was compiled with. | sudo -V |
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| -l | The -l (list) option will print out the commands allowed (and forbidden) the user on the current host. | sudo -l |
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| -h or --help | The -h (help) option causes sudo to print a usage message and exit. | sudo -h |
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| -v | If, given the -v (validate) option, sudo will update the user's timestamp, prompting for the user's password if necessary. This extends the sudo timeout for another 5 minutes (or as given in sudoers) but does not run a command. This does not give any output. | sudo -v |
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| -k | The -k (kill) option to sudo invalidates the user's timestamp. So, the next time sudo is run a password will be required. This option does not require a password and was added to allow a user to revoke sudo permissions from a logout file. | sudo -k |
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| -K | Similar to the -k option, the -K (sure kill) option is used to remove the user's timestamp entirely. Likewise, this option does not require a password. | sudo -K |
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| -b | The -b (background) option tells sudo to run the given command in the background. Note that if you use the -b option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the process. | sudo -b [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -p | the sudo -p prompt command allows you to customize the password prompt that sudo displays when it requests the user's password. By default, sudo will display a generic password prompt that looks like | sudo -p "Enter your password" [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -n | The -n option allows sudo to execute a command without prompting for a password. This option is useful when running sudo commands as background jobs or in a shell script. The -n option stands for non-interactive. | sudo -n [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -u | The -u option causes sudo to run the specified command as a user other than root. To specify a UID instead of a username, use #uid. | sudo -u [user] [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -s | The -s option runs the shell specified by the SHELL environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified in the file passwd. | sudo -s [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -H | The -H option sets the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the target user (root by default) as specified in passwd. By default, sudo does not modify HOME. | sudo -H [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -S | The -S option causes sudo to read the password from standard input instead of the terminal device. | sudo -S [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -a | The -a option causes sudo to use the specified authentication type when validating the user, as allowed by /etc/login.conf. The system administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific authentication methods by adding an "auth-sudo" entry in /etc/login.conf. | sudo -a [auth-type] [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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| -- | The -- flag indicates that sudo should stop processing command line arguments. It is most useful in conjunction with the -s flag. | sudo -- [command] (replace "command" with the command you want run in the background)
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