xargs command in Linux with examples

Last Updated : 19 Jul, 2024

xargs is a Unix command which can be used to build and execute commands from standard input.

Importance:

Some commands like grep can accept input as parameters, but some commands accept arguments, this is a place where xargs came into the picture.

Syntax of `xargs` command in Linux

xargs [options] [command]

Options Available in `xargs` command in Linux

Options	Description
-0	input items are terminated by null character instead of white spaces
-a file	read items from file instead of standard input
--delimiter = delim	input items are terminated by a special character
-E eof-str	set the end of file string to eof-str
-I replace-str	replace occurrences of replace-str in the initial arguments with names read from standard input
-L max-lines	use at-most max-lines non-blank input lines per command line.
-p	prompt the user about whether to run each command line and read a line from terminal.
-r	If the standard input does not contain any nonblanks, do not run the command
-x	exit if the size is exceeded.
--help	print the summary of options to xargs and exit
--version	print the version no. of xargs and exit

Example :

Below is the C program, which reads a text file "test.txt" and then uses the output of this program as input to touch command. contents of text file "test.txt"

file1
file2
file3
file4

// C program to read contents of file
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver Code
int main(){
    int c;
    FILE *file;

    // open file test.txt
    file = fopen("test.txt", "r");
    if (file) {

        // read file line-by-line until
        // end of file
        while ((c = getc(file)) != EOF)
            putchar(c);

        fclose(file);
    }
    return 0;
}

Output :

file1
file2
file3
file4

Now, use output of ./a.out as input to touch command

Command usage with options:

xargs --version

Prints the version number of xargs command and then exit.

Output :

xargs (GNU findutils) 4.7.0-git
Copyright (C) 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later .
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

xargs -a test.txt

It will show contents of file

file1
file2
file3
file4

xargs -p  -a test.txt

-p option prompts for confirmation before running each command line. It only runs the command line if the response starts with 'y' or 'Y' Output :

# xargs -p  -a test.txt
echo file1 file2 file3 file4 ?...y
file1 file2 file3 file4

# xargs -p  -a test.txt                                                                                                                 
echo file1 file2 file3 file4 ?...n

 xargs -r -a test.txt

Now, let's suppose the file "test.txt" is empty, and above command is executed, -r option ensures if standard input is empty, then command is not executed, so above command will not produce any output, But, if above command is executed without -r option, it will produce a blank line as output. See below image as instance :