Python Tools Utilities
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T he standard library comes with a number of modules that can be used both as modules and as command-line utilities.
The dis Module:
T he dis module is the Python disassembler. It converts byte codes to a format that is slig htly more appropriate for human consumption. You can run the disassembler from the command line. It compiles the g iven script and prints the disassembled byte codes to the ST DOUT . You can also use dis as a module. T he dis function takes a class, method, function or code object as its sing le arg ument.
Example:
#!/usr/bin/python import dis def sum(): vara = 10 varb = 20 sum = vara + varb print "vara + varb = %d" % sum # Call dis function for the function. dis.dis(sum)
T his would produce the following result:
6 7 9 0 LOAD_CONST 3 STORE_FAST 6 LOAD_CONST 9 STORE_FAST 12 15 18 19 22 25 28 29 30 31 34 LOAD_FAST LOAD_FAST BINARY_ADD STORE_FAST LOAD_CONST LOAD_FAST BINARY_MODULO PRINT_ITEM PRINT_NEWLINE LOAD_CONST RETURN_VALUE 1 (10) 0 (vara) 2 (20) 1 (varb) 0 (vara) 1 (varb) 2 (sum) 3 ('vara + varb = %d') 2 (sum)
10
0 (None)
The pdb Module
T he pdb module is the standard Python debug g er. It is based on the bdb debug g er framework. You can run the debug g er from the command line (type n [or next] to g o to the next line and help to g et a list of available commands):
Example:
Before you try to run pdb.py, set your path properly to Python lib directory. So let us try with above example sum.py:
$pdb.py sum.py > /test/sum.py(3)<module>() -> import dis (Pdb) n > /test/sum.py(5)<module>() -> def sum(): (Pdb) n >/test/sum.py(14)<module>() -> dis.dis(sum) (Pdb) n 6 0 LOAD_CONST 3 STORE_FAST 7 9 6 LOAD_CONST 9 STORE_FAST 12 15 18 19 22 25 28 29 30 31 34 LOAD_FAST LOAD_FAST BINARY_ADD STORE_FAST LOAD_CONST LOAD_FAST BINARY_MODULO PRINT_ITEM PRINT_NEWLINE LOAD_CONST RETURN_VALUE
1 (10) 0 (vara) 2 (20) 1 (varb) 0 (vara) 1 (varb) 2 (sum) 3 ('vara + varb = %d') 2 (sum)
10
0 (None)
--Return-> /test/sum.py(14)<module>()->None -v dis.dis(sum) (Pdb) n --Return-> <string>(1)<module>()->None (Pdb)
The profile Module:
T he profile module is the standard Python profiler. You can run the profiler from the command line:
Example:
Let us try to profile the following prog ram:
#!/usr/bin/python vara = 10 varb = 20 sum = vara + varb print "vara + varb = %d" % sum
Now, try running c Profile.py over this file sum.py as follows:
$cProfile.py sum.py vara + varb = 30 4 function calls in 0.000 CPU seconds Ordered by: standard name ncalls 1 1 1 1 tottime 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 percall 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 cumtime 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 percall filename:lineno 0.000 <string>:1(<module>) 0.000 sum.py:3(<module>) 0.000 {execfile} 0.000 {method ......}
The tabnanny Module
T he tabnanny module checks Python source files for ambig uous indentation. If a file mixes tabs and spaces in a
way that throws off indentation, no matter what tab size you're using , the nanny complains:
Example:
Let us try to profile the following prog ram:
#!/usr/bin/python vara = 10 varb = 20 sum = vara + varb print "vara + varb = %d" % sum
If you would try a correct file with tabnanny.py, then it won't complain as follows:
$tabnanny.py -v sum.py 'sum.py': Clean bill of health.
