ANSI C Data Types & Basic Control Flow
Adapted from Ray Klefstad
an general purpose programming language
major features include:
thin veneer over assembly language
allows machine access (pointers, addresses, register, assembly)
simple (relatively)
Language Reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/c
Simple Input and Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 40;
printf("Enter a number:\n");
scanf_s("%d", &i);
printf("I is %d\n", i);
return 0;
}
#include brings in declarations
& in front of i gives its address so scanf_s can modify i
I/O
The main function
Every ANSI C program must have one function named main
when you run your program, main is called (on writing main)
#include <stdio.h>
int main() // int is the exit status for main
{
printf("Hello Everyone!\n");
return 0; // 0 means program terminated ok
}
Primitive Data Types
foundational types are built-in or pre-defined
every data type has a size (in bytes) and a range of values
includes integral, floating point, character and character string types
The Integral Types
correspond to whole integers
kinds of integral types:
char, 1 byte, -128 through 127
short, 2 bytes, -32768 through 32767
int, machine word size, now 32 bits
long, 4 bytes, -2147483648 through 2147483647
also unsigned versions of all
example literals
0
1
-1
-1234567
11 // decimal 11
011 // octal 9
0x11 // hex 17
The Floating Point Types
corresponds to floating point real numbers
three kinds of floating point types:
float (usually 4 bytes)
double (usually 8 bytes)
long double (usually 8 bytes)
example literals
1.0
-3.000001e-10
30.01E40
The Character Type
represents an ASCII character code
requires one byte
range of values
0 to 255
example literals
'\0' null character 0
'\n' newline (or linefeed) 10
'\r' return 13
'\t' tab 9
' ' space 32
'0' 48
'A' 65
'a' 97
variables must be declared before they are used
variable declaration with initialization
int numberOfStudents = 30;
int automobileVelocity = 0;
assignment operator changes the value in a variable
numberOfStudents = 0; // got rid of all the students
automobileVelocity += 20; // accelerated the auto
Variables
Symbolic Constants
constants have a fixed value
#define PI 3.1415926536
#define NEWLINE '\n'
it is good style to name literal constants
return 3.14159*r*r;
return PI*r*r;
Simple Operators
Numeric Operators
+, -, *, /, %, unary +, Assignment Operators (modifies state of object)
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ++, -velocity = ( acceleration * time * time ) / 2.0;
Using Operators Properly
precedence
associativity
parenthesis may over-ride
memorize these operators, precedence, and associativity
from highest to lowest
++ -- (unary) + */%
+ = += -= *= /= %=
Statements
Declaration Statements
introduces a new variable
variable is in scope to the end of enclosing block
int main()
{
double d = 2 * PI;
printf("%f\n", d);
return 0;
}
Expression Statements
any expression may be used as a statement
the value is discarded
int main()
{
double PI = 3.14159;
double d = 2.0 * PI;
printf("f\n", d);
d = d / 2.0;
square( 2.0 ); // be careful of this mistake
printf("%f\n", d);
return 0;
}
Output
output is done via printf function
EG
int main()
{
printf("Hello");
printf("%d", 10 * 10);
printf("%c", 'A');
printf("%f", 3.14159);
...
}
Input
input is done via scanf function
uses address of parameter to modify its value
it waits for a value to be entered (may require a return/enter)
EG
int main()
{
int i;
double d;
char c;
scanf(%d, &i); // reads string of digits as integer
scanf(%f, &d); // reads digits, decimal as a real number
scanf(%c, &c); // reads a single character
...
}
Other Statements
if, switch, while, for, return, break
you can declare local variables in loops
int main()
{
for ( int i=0; i<10; ++i )
printf(%d\n, i);
for ( int i=10; i>=0; --i )
printf("%d\n", i);
return 0;
}
The if Statement
conditional execution of a statement
int main()
{
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
if ( a < b )
printf("a < b\n");
else if ( a > b )
printf("a > b\n");
else
printf("a == b\n");
if ( a > 0 )
printf("a is positive\n");
}
else's match nearest unmatched if
indentation is not considered (be careful!)
int maxOfThree( int a, int b, int c )
{
if ( a < b )
if ( b < c )
return c;
else
return b;
else if ( a < c )
return c;
else
return a;
}
a syntax error that changes meaning of if statement
if ( e ); // extra semicoln means empty statements
printf("Hello\n"); // prints "Hello" even if e is false
an awkward use of if statement
if ( e )
; // nothing
else
printf("Hello\n");
natural, but very harmful, mistake
int a = 0;
if ( a = 0 )
printf("Hello\n"); // never happens! Why?
Nesting if Statements
if Statement Caveats
another awkward use of if statement
if ( a < b )
return true;
else
return false;
better to say
return a < b;
The Concept of Iteration
also called `looping'
allows repeating a similar action several times
the break statement will exit any loop
the return statement will also exit the loop
The for Statement
the most common loop statement
Natural for initializing, testing, then advancing
abstract examples
for ( each student, s, in this class )
assignGradeTo( s );
for ( each day, d, of the quarter )
studyHardOnDay( d );
for (each station, s, on the radio tuner )
{
tuneTo( radio, s );
if ( youLikeTheSong( listen( radio ) )
break; /// terminates this for loop
}
for ( each integer, i, in the range 0 to 9 )
printf("%d\n", i);
real examples
// print out numbers 0 through 9
for (int i = 0;i < 10; ++i)
printf("%d\n", i);
// read 10 integers from the input and print the sum
int main()
{
int valueRead = 0;
int sumTotal = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
{
scanf("%d", &valueRead);
sumTotal += valueRead;
}
printf("The total is: %d\n", sumTotal);
}
The while Statement
Natural for testing BEFORE doing an action that involves repetition
EG
while ( isTooSour( coolade ) )
addATeaspoonOfSugar( coolade );
while ( waterIsTooCold( bathtub ) )
addAGallonOfHotWater( bathtub );
while ( ! understandTheHomeworkAssignment( student ) )
{
readTheHomeworkHandout( student );
askQuestions( student, TA );
}
while ( isStillAwake( student ) )
study( student );
Natural for doing an action then testing for completion before repetition
EG
do
turnIgnition( car );
while ( ! started( car ) );
do
pressANumber( phone );
while ( ! haveAConnection( phone ) );
do
{
readTheHomeworkHandout( student );
askSomeQuestions( student, TA );
} while ( ! understands( student, materialForWeek( w ) ) );
do
eat( person, pintOfIceCream );
while ( !sick( person ) );
The do-while Statement
Nested loops
EG // print out a calendar
#define JAN 1
#define DEC 12
int days_per_month[]={0,31,29,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
int main()
{
for ( int y = 2015; y <= 2020; y++ )
for ( int m = JAN; m <= DEC; m++ )
{
for ( int d = 1; d <= days_per_month[m]; d++ )
printf( "%d / %d / %d ", m, d, y );
printf("\n");
}
}
Loop Caveats
loop control variable is only in scope over loop body
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
printf( "%d ", i );
printf( "%d\n", i ); /// i is no longer in scope
some errors may cause an infinite loop
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i+1 ) /// i+1 is not advancing
printf( "%d ", i );
...
int i; /// may forget to initialize
while ( i < 10 )
printf( "%d ", i ); /// not advancing!
some errors may cause wrong values for i or incorrect number of loops
for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i++ ) /// wrong < operator
printf("%d ", i);
...
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++ ) /// wrong initial value
printf("%d ", i);
for selecting among a set of integral values
int main()
{
int i = getIntegerFromUser();
printf("Some stuff here\n");
switch ( i )
{
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 9:
printf("%d is odd\n", i);
break;
case 0:
case 2:
case 4:
case 6:
case 8:
printf("%d is even\n", i);
break;
The switch Statement
default:
printf("%d isn't in range 0 to 9\n", i);
break;
}
printf("Some more stuff here\n");
}
Another switch Statement Example
break isn't required with return
bool isDigit( char c )
{
switch ( c )
{
case '0':
case '1':
case '2':
case '3':
case '4':
case '5':
case '6':
case '7':
case '8':
case '9':
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
forgetting the break!
int main()
{
int score = getScoreFromUser();
char grade = computeStudentsGrade( score );
switch ( grade )
{
case 'A':
printf("Excellent!\n");
case 'B':
printf("Good.\n");
case 'C':
printf("Fair - just passed.\n");
case 'D':
printf("Poor - See you next quarter.\n");
case 'F':
printf("Failed - off to McDonalds.\n");
switch Statement Caveats
default:
printf("Invalid Grade %d\n", grade);
}
}
Another switch Statement Caveat
There are no ranges for integral values
bool isDigit(char c)
{
switch ( c )
{
case '0'-'9': // will subtract '9' from '0'
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
Must be listed separately
bool isDigit(char c)
{
switch ( c )
{
case '0':
case '1':
case '2':
/// do something here
default:
return false;
}
}
