1.
Python Data Type
Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
Text Type: str
Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
In [2]:
x = "Hello World" #str
print(x)
x = 20 #int
print(x)
x = 20.5 #float
print(x)
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] #list
print(x)
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") #tuple
print(x)
x = range(6) #range
print(x)
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} #dict
print(x)
x = True #bool
print(x)
Hello World
20
20.5
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
range(0, 6)
{'name': 'John', 'age': 36}
True
2. Python Array
There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:
List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
Set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
Dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
2.1. List
In [3]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
print(thislist[1]) # access items
print(thislist[-1]) # negative indexing
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:5]) # range of indexes
print(thislist[-4:-1])
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
banana
cherry
['cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi']
['orange', 'kiwi', 'melon']
In [4]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist[1] = "blackcurrant" # change item value
print(thislist)
['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'cherry']
In [5]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in thislist: # loop through a list
print(x)
apple
banana
cherry
In [6]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
if "apple" in thislist: # check if item exist
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list")
Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list
In [7]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist)) # list length
In [8]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.append("orange") # add items
print(thislist)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.insert(1, "orange") # add item at the specified index
print(thislist)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("banana") # remove item
print(thislist)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop() # removes the specified index, (or the last item if index is not specified)
print(thislist)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist[0] # removes the specified index
print(thislist)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist # delete the list completely
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.clear() # empties the list
thislist.clear() # empties the list
print(thislist)
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']
['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'cherry']
['apple', 'cherry']
['apple', 'banana']
['banana', 'cherry']
[]
In [9]:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = thislist.copy() # copy of a list
print(mylist)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = list(thislist)
print(mylist)
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
In [10]:
list1 = ["a", "b" , "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list3 = list1 + list2 # join two lists
print(list3)
list1 = ["a", "b" , "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
for x in list2:
list1.append(x)
print(list1)
list1 = ["a", "b" , "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list1.extend(list2)
print(list1)
['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
2.2. Tuple
In [11]:
# You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert the list back into a tuple.
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi"
x = tuple(y)
print(x)
('apple', 'kiwi', 'cherry')
In [12]:
# To create a tuple with only one item, you have add a comma after the item,
# unless Python will not recognize the variable as a tuple.
thistuple = ("apple",)
thistuple = ("apple",)
print(type(thistuple))
#NOT a tuple
thistuple = ("apple")
print(type(thistuple))
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'str'>
In [13]:
# Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but you can delete the tuple comple
tely
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
del thistuple
2.3. Set
In [14]:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(thisset)
{'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}
2.4 Dictionary
In [15]:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
In [16]:
x = thisdict["model"] # accessing items
print(x)
x = thisdict.get("model")
print(x)
Mustang
Mustang
In [17]:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict["year"] = 2019 # change values
In [18]:
for x in thisdict:
print(x)
print("\n")
for x in thisdict:
print(thisdict[x])
print("\n")
for x in thisdict.values():
print(x)
print("\n")
for x, y in thisdict.items():
print(x, y)
brand
model
year
Ford
Mustang
2019
Ford
Mustang
2019
brand Ford
model Mustang
year 2019
In [19]:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.popitem() # removes the last inserted item
print(thisdict)
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang'}
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
3. Python If ... Else
Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:
Equals: a == b
Not Equals: a != b
Less than: a < b
Less than or equal to: a <= b
Greater than: a > b
Greater than: a > b
Greater than or equal to: a >= b
In [20]:
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
b is greater than a
In [21]:
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
a and b are equal
In [22]:
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
a is greater than b
4. Python Loops
4.1. For Loop
A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).
In [23]:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
apple
banana
In [24]:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
apple
cherry
In [25]:
for x in "banana":
print(x)
b
a
n
a
n
a
In [26]:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
0
1
2
3
4
5
In [27]:
for x in range(2, 6):
print(x)
2
3
4
5
In [28]:
for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
In [29]:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
0
1
2
3
4
5
Finally finished!
In [30]:
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in adj:
for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
red apple
red banana
red cherry
big apple
big banana
big cherry
tasty apple
tasty banana
tasty cherry
4.2. While Loop
In [31]:
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
1
2
3
4
5
In [32]:
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1
1
2
3
In [33]:
i = 0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
1
2
4
5
6
In [34]:
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
1
2
3
3
4
5
i is no longer less than 6
5. Python Functions
A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
A function can return data as a result.
In [35]:
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()
Hello from a function
In [36]:
# Parameters
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Refsnes")
my_function("Emil")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")
Emil Refsnes
Tobias Refsnes
Linus Refsnes
In [37]:
# Default Parameter Value
def my_function(country = "Norway"):
print("I am from " + country)
my_function("Sweden")
my_function("India")
my_function()
my_function("Brazil")
I am from Sweden
I am from India
I am from Norway
I am from Brazil
In [38]:
# Passing a List as a Parameter
def my_function(food):
for x in food:
print(x)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
my_function(fruits)
apple
banana
cherry
In [39]:
# Return Values
def my_function(x):
return 5 * x
print(my_function(3))
print(my_function(5))
print(my_function(9))
15
25
45
In [40]:
# Keyword Arguments
def my_function(child3, child2, child1):
print("The youngest child is " + child3)
my_function(child1 = "Emil", child2 = "Tobias", child3 = "Linus")
def my_function(*kids):
print("The youngest child is " + kids[2])
my_function("Emil", "Tobias", "Linus")
The youngest child is Linus
The youngest child is Linus
6. Python Command Input
In [41]:
x = input("Type your name: ")
print("Name: ", x)
Type your name: Nizar
Name: Nizar
