Database Systems Department of computer science & IT
LAB # 03
Implementation of
SQL Commands
(INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
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SELECT, SELECT DISTINCT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ORDER BY, AND/OR
SQL DML and DDL
SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the
Data Definition Language (DDL).
The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:
SELECT - extracts data from a database
UPDATE - updates data in a database
DELETE - deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. It also define
indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose constraints between tables.
The most important DDL statements in SQL are:
CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
DROP TABLE - deletes a table
CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
DROP INDEX - deletes an index
SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new record or row in a table.
SQL INSERT INTO Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
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The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
SQL INSERT INTO Example
We have the following "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')
The "Persons" table will now look like this:
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P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
Insert Data Only in Specified Columns
It is also possible to only add data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will add a new row, but only add data in the "P_Id", "LastName" and
the "FirstName" columns:
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')
The "Persons" table will now look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
5 Tjessem Jakob
SQL UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.
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SQL UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies
which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records
will be updated!
SQL UPDATE Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
5 Tjessem Jakob
Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this:
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P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes
SQL UPDATE Warning
Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause in the example
above, like this:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
The "Persons" table would have looked like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Nissestien 67 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Nissestien 67 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Nissestien 67 Sandnes
4 Nilsen Johan Nissestien 67 Sandnes
5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes
SQL DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
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SQL DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies
which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records
will be deleted!
SQL DELETE Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes
Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:
DELETE FROM Persons
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
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The "Persons" table will now look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
Delete All Rows
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the
table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM
table_name or
DELETE * FROM table_name
Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!
SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.The result is stored in a
result table, called the result-set.
The syntax used for SELECT query is:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
and
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SELECT * FROM table_name
Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.
Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from
the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName
Hansen Christ
Svendson Tove
Pettersen Michael
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SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns!
The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
In a table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. This is not a problem,
however, sometimes you will want to list only the different (distinct) values in a table.
The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values.
Its Syntax is:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
Example
The "Persons" table:
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P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table
above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this:
City
Sandnes
Stavanger
The WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
The syntax of the command is:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
Example
The "Persons" table:
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P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERECity='Sandnes'
The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Quotes around Text Fields
SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept
double quotes).
Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.
For text values:
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This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove
For numeric values:
This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year=1965
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'
Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause
With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:
Operator Description
= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns
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Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=
The AND & OR Operators
The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.
The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition and the second condition is true.
The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition or the second condition is true.
AND Operator Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" AND the last
name equal to "Svendson":
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'
The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
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OR Operator Example
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" OR the first name
equal to "Christ":
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
OR FirstName='Christ'
The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Combining AND & OR
You can also combine AND and OR (use parenthesis to form complex expressions).
Now we want to select only the persons with the last name equal to "Svendson" AND the
first name equal to "Tove" OR to "Christ":
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
LastName='Svendson'
AND (FirstName='Tove' OR
FirstName='Christ')
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The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
The ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified column.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default.
If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC
keyword. Its syntax is:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC
Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger
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Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons
by their last name.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
ORDER BY LastName
The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
ORDER BY DESC Example
Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons
descending by their last name.
We use the following SELECT statement:.
SELECT * FROM Persons
ORDER BY LastName DESC
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The result-set will look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger
1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Practice all SQL commands described above for any table…!!!
TASK 1:
Create the following table using SQL and using the INSERT INTO command, insert the
following values in the table created.
Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By
Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A
Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X
Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y
Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X
Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A
Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y
Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H
Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y
Ikram 09 DIP
Hassan 10
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TASK 2:
Using the UPDATE statement, update the above table for the following values:
Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By
Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A
Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X
Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y
Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X
Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A
Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y
Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H
Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y
Ikram 09 DIP 1001 Mr. A
Hassan 10 DSP 1005 Mr. Z
TASK 3:
Using the DELETE statement, delete the record for the student having name Akram and Ahsan
in the above table. Also delete the record for the course having course code=1001.
TASK 4:
Select distinct values from the above table for the last three columns.
TASK 5:
Sort the above table in descending order by their name.
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