Date
Page-
SaL
SSL, Stuustusad Quty Longunge3 aegtatming
Longuanedorignedto maanage stoteal lata in
Solatienal ntalosos.
SQL_ohaaatis thaauah Simple, dec lazatúe statemets.
h Reubs data accukati and Secuh and halps
naimtain the imtegaityo atalea.s03, 20gaadl03s.oS1
KELATIONAL DATABASE
A selational datalns_is a dataleasa that_etganizes
ionhoimaiainte ene mok talks.
TABLE
A Table ib a cellection o data cigamitl iuto heue
eheked te 28
ano columns laloles ahe Sometm
colals.
_elatioub Hoz taloke is
COLOUMN:
patticulatr type
A colouman ib a te_data alus of 2
th_colgunns
HOO idL, namlamo aag a
BoW:
talole
A Jeu b a Singlo jicshd n a
Justin Biolhe;
Eihat sow in celolss Aasid ok 1 ane e
04e 2 2
DATATYPES:
Tmtlgph
Tene
Dato
Ranl Dwima
STATE MENTS
ba
A Statmentt i a ttt that he dalaknsa
tlcognizes as a alid mmamd
satknints alunyá Wneina
cLAUSE NAME
CREATE TABLE talola-rame
oelumn-1 data-typ
lolumm-2 dataLpey
pApta3 dote type
A A AA
CoMPONENTS OF A STHTEMENT
CLAUSE lauss btohen spaalic tasksiS
by rwentio clauso5 ae utlOn m
capital JtRA CUauseb_anialbo k selleta
t 25 Commanels
NAME Mae f fabe prtmod jb be adplie
3) PARAMETER A akaanaten ba list o oumn, datatya
yau that oL passac to a clousl as _an ahgumenat
Dats -
Pago-
*CREATE STATEMENTS
CREATE statemmts allou ub t uae a nu taloa
im the datalsase. You Cam use the_cREATE stalememt
Omtime uou uuont te_CuoR a meu ta/ole fhan SchatA
NAME OE
TABLE_
CLAUSE
CREATE TABLE ( s
id INTEGER, Ftat colaumn stous_intagR
MAme TEXT Secend codoumm stotas tet
INTEGER Thisd celoumm stoias imtegen
INSERT STATEMENT
INSER stoumant imsots _a heur ou imte a talalo.
Cam o usod to ado neu ushols
NAME
OF TABLE
cLAUSE
0 INSERI INTOD collosi, name 0q
CLAUSE
NALUES 4Tst
THAT
Bibe 22),
INDICATES VALUE BENG FED PARAMEIEB
IDENTIFYINGG TnE
VALUES BEING
VALVINSERUED
SELECT STATEMENT
SELECTskaemih aho uied tpdh lata an a dotaloos
CLAVSE
eTo QVERY DATA
SELECT hame FROM_colles
satuns all data in the name alsnon of tha
calokos talola
ib a shocial wildcas.o chasactot_we'ye been ubisngp
o l l o u you te Soleet we comm im a taloL
utheul honing te homi ach inoliwiclualy
ALTERTABLE STATEMENT
adde a mew ceumm te
ALTERTABLE statomanat
whem we am to aly
e Vo com use thib Lommamd
columns to o talole
reLAUSE
ALTER TAB LE cololsb
ADD CcOLUMNtuitta-hamdde TEXT
h statememt addsa n colwmmtuiten-hamello to.
the caloos taloke.
UP DATE STATEMENT
UPDATe Statemkat aditS a uowy in a teleo. You com
heUPDATE statamomt hom yeu wadb tehamgencistisg
ecols..
CLAUSET
UPDATE calalbs
SET tuitte? hamdlko taylsuilt13
wHEREE
T updoteg the Secod with am il alue of l te haui
the twittnnhende @tauleikuifEL3
DELETE STATEMEN
DELETE FROM statommant dolotes oha moe_ous
aem a talolo aa to dalep Leistimg ecsLals.
DELETE FROMcolalos
WHERE uitten-hamelaib NULL
Tdolctes l Srocodls icolos talbla
tibtenKamello
)Oate
Paga.
LONSTRAINTS
caluma
Consttaits that aldl infohma~ion abeut hauw b
cam beuszd ate iwekeokaltbh Abeciuingthe dataa
type foh_a columm
a be ustdl te te the datakaso to ypet te
Snseatod data that dohn' t oohere to a_cztain zosbeadta..
PRIMARY KEY
Coeunb Lonn be useo to uniguely _identily
the sous tttenpts_
toimeet a oo with_am islemtical alue to a u
uinletion
_ltendy im he taloh uill_Bult_i a cnsteait
uih ll t allou to insat4 O
UNIQUE
Hane a_AKote aluo to e uou
canMane
Similar t kz PRIMARY KE Y_wrenpt a tab
mamy d i o r t UNIQUE Colsummb.
NOT NULL
mwst oue_c yaul ADw5 to_a imsot ne yalu Ca
Theb
NoT NULL q Lonts10it ualrtio
DEFAULT
Thy toke am allitionnk asaumtt thot u bo_aAumer
doebot sheiy a oluo f thak Celummm
DaD.
Pago-
QUEKIES
Quwhyimg i6 ulheiusiong inoimatien stetul in4
dataloase allsus ub to _canmuniat._uith the
datalasi by asking qyutiorb
SQL was imitialy SEQUEL
Staucuaud QunnguAg StAucted Eno Quehyg
SELECT TYPE
od to solest all
Foh selectimg 2_cokeumnb, we Saled_inoliunidlual
Colns theinames 80beatiid y a_lma
SELECI coluomn-1 columm-2
FROM talaoMOmD
As
As ib kuyuol m SQL thait alleusS yau toinomg_
a uawwmn o tabl ubing am alias. The heu
name cam b Cythimg isbuti SimglL apotos
SELECTL nome AS TUlo
FROM
Nome tho calumn is o Titla
DISTINCT im Hho . t
DISTINCCI h used to e t u n
miajue values autput
Hawme
Nails
SELECT tools > Nals
GalVES
Nails
FROM msetoyi
Hawma
SELECTDSTINT teols GIVES
Nails
FROM inmentioy
LWHERE
Used to Sustaict auwu ALIS.
SELEC *
oils
FROM
wHERE inde L
sratimg
CoNDITION
thaSbult Gøt
wth ony taue
LKE -1_
LKE Cam be a usek_hato uhim ye uamt te Compe
Siniln values
SELECT
FROM Condition valuati
WHERE name LIKE Se en t h e name_celi
Opato wlh uHERE
to Spastck e spackfie
pobeun in celumm
Dato
Pog
LIKE -II
IheZsigmibOmethatildcahd charaso that
LIKE
Con ae ubid uith
7is a uildcond cholacto that motcheb zihe e
nuissimq JoziteLb._2
al moias wh stat A
ASwatcheB
omee
%omatohas_alU thot emdls im a
SELECT
FROM
wHERE name
LIKE %man i
abts will inclueleMan
his ismt_Case Sembitie
1S NULL
Umkmeun alues_ae imduicoteo by NULL
NULL aueb camlt he tested
bu compaison optatos
u e usR 1S NULL amo 15
NOT NULL
Suc aS 2 amo
6 L E T mamp
FROM Ymewils
wWHEREimd nadimg 16 NO NULLL-
Grives hames o those ous whic koue Aata ia l e aatig
BETWEEN
in a wHEBE caus0 te tee
BETWEEN Co b ube
the r0sult 6ct withia couum amgl Valueh lom be tet
ouunoehs_eh dates
*IMP BETWEe N 2LETTES ib not2 imcusinto 2lotte
inclusine 2no
BETWEEN 2 NO'S
SeLECT SELECT *
FROM meiab
FRoM wovils
wHERE BETWEEN
WHERE name BETwEENN D AND G; 970 AND 1979;
Guies mpo alooudt all
aimes o ' dout almoikes hi ou
ffhm DEF woies o1970S
AND
multisl Condlitianbm a luHERE
UsRA t e conbine
SELLCT*
FRoM meviLb AND1999 1
BETWEEN 1990
WHERE uenh cOND
AND
qam Amamco 2
2COND
OR
AND all_coolikionb ake tel
tuna
OR any colition is
SeLECTX
FRoM
wHERe ea 2o14
OR
ORDER BY
o cam Set the ozults ubinq ODER BY, oithe alphaletily
umaticall
SELECT
FROM
OBDER BY,
CLAUSE
hamj
DESCE Keyued used in dor BY b SA in dozctrdirg trla
ASC uueolusao in ORDER BY to art axindig or
talunya gots akker wHERE.
SELECT*
FROM meviS
wHERE ml Aatg 2
ORDER BY uear DESC,-
LIMIT
IJots ub ebeeiy the mazismum wmoe a teus the
SHesult st wilL hane
LIMIT aluaus gotat the eey enol o the_quueky
Also, t shot Subpoated_in alLSaL dataloase3-
SELECT
FROM mi22
ORDER BY imdl snting DESC
LIMIT 3
CASE
It is
I t allsuus usto cruato olikMoAnt otpuits
ua ohamdLing i-thnid
SELECTT name
CASE
wHE omde ationg 3 THEAFantosti "
nakjq>6 THEL Foo
Rees
wHEN inn
ELSP
END
RoOM
SUMMARY
SELECI i the lauso e us0 d time we a 4k
imematien JLom a dotalbak
A S mam a Csum o talok
DISTINCI rotum U e aluOS
wHERE ib pebula_coano thak ots you flh the
abults o the aswiy babed en (enditioak that yL Spii
LiKE amd BETWEEN shacinl epekato
A ND am OR Comdnn3 mutiblo Conditiers
RDER BY soAks tho_ usult.
LIMIT speciios he mau eus tihet 4ui
Deto-
Page-
AGGGREGATES
aleulatiaxs korfeimtolon multiklo oub oa tabl
ahe calla aggaegalts
COUNT
The fastest_way te oleulat_hau vnany ous _ah a
table a te e the coUNI) £unctien
SELECT cOUNT*
FROM ak-apha
WHERE pice 0-0 Gis o a
appbwkickasafan
SUM
sUM _ib a functien tkat takos the mama o coum
os am osLgme cnd ctuemb the sLm o all tho aluos
a that celwnan
SELECTSUM douunlend) Cuves
FROM faki-apbsj T numloer
Deunleads
MAXIMIN
The MAx() and MIN wnctiond otukn tho iohert
and omeat alus in clouana
S ESELEC MAXlpice
FROM fako-apka Gines doica
AVERAGE
AVG mcion ib used ino the asnoage walue oa
pabdLiculat clumm
SELECT
AVGLpaice
EROMfakl-a
RoUND
malk0b the esult tabla Lasion to uadL
RoUND kes 2 aguoments insiolo th_hazlnthoz3
olumm nam Cokumm te h2 omdlad e
2 An_Ihtopon The uns tlluwdich i pas to he
roundeel o Intagen iaoAks he
dlocimall placob.
SELECT RoUNDuick,O)
FROMtake-ap
GROUP BY -I
ndutal byuotaml,iu a te knoueaehna
inadle satimg fall maids Jack yonhue use wHERE
SeLELT AVGmd satin)
FRoM esilb BETERAS AVGimd saimn
wHERE yah 1999, FROMmevies
GRoUP BY
SEL ORDER BY
wMGRE yeah 2000
We Jaun to byha
T unonl tnisy we Kove
Date
Pege
GRoUPBY - II
SQL dats_ub uA0 Columa aleunces in ouGRoUP BY
that udL make u inea laetten
2 SELE CTcateno
ice AVA (deulaar) BETTER
AS
ERoMfaka-appS
GROUP BY catapey phuite GRaUP 6Y 1,2-
HAVING
HANING i u SimiIn to WHEREADL t o
wHERE claub COLm be ubed with HAVING
HAVING meb a GRoUe BY ut halee_ORDERAY
amd LIMIT
SeLECT bice, RoUNDALdowlndi) LounT).
FROM fake-app
GRovPB
BY1
MAVING cOVNT 10 ddl a cleuso
SreRtucE e
te
queey t o
)Deto
Pago-
MULTIPLE TABLES:
The need to uwk_en mlte talolos amd how iE
done
CoMBINING TABLES MANUALLY
Netumgthe data ef a talele and then checku
another talele fo lothespending data ib_La
jsining ue- taloles
Cemleinionq taloles mamually is timc_ ca&lumin
w USe a G0q mcL collled JOIN
JOIN
stlione salhots_all colums lsam ou nbrned table.
u uant te soluct ctaim celeummá we cam sheciky uich
nR ue um
Socgnd Line sheipwe tallo we utA te lodk
Thinl e use8 TOIN to Say that ue want to
Lmine imeimatien lam odlos with ustem2ih
Founth ime tells_u Kou- to Comsine e tuw talolos
Lwe hae to wate talole 1s_Custome-ia colunm
uth Customehs taloRo 15
custoneh.id cakumman
As coumn ames1s might be cejeatpol _e use the
Sutnn talola-name coumn-nane
SELECT ¥
FROM dAB
JoNCsdomors
ON dets:cusiemk-id=_anm8auston
