C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Introduction to C++

C++ Programming Language

Programming Language
Dr Sawsan M. Mahmoud
Computer Engineering
College of Engineering / Mustansiriyah University
2022-2023
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Sunday, November 20, 2022

Contact
Sunday, November 20, 2022

 Name: Sawsan Mous Mahmoud

 Email: [email protected]
 Room: Room in Computer Engineering
Department, 2nd Floor.
 Lecture Time : Sunday 08 AM – 11:30 AM,
C++ Programming Language

Monday 08 AM – 11:30 AM, and Wednesday

02:30 PM – 05:30 PM.
 Notes: Other office hours are available by an
appointment.
 The contents of this syllabus is not to be
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changed during the current semester.

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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

What is all about Modules

 This course introduces the fundamental of the C++

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language and the basic data structures used in computer
software so:
• Understand the data structures
• Analyse the algorithms that use them
• Know when to apply them
 Also, practice design and analysis of data structures and

C++ Programming Language

practice using these data structures by writing programs.
 On successful completion of this course, you will
understand:
• What the tools are for storing and processing common data
types
• Which tools are appropriate
 So that you will be able to make good design choices as a 3
developer, project manager, or system customer

What is this Module all about?

 Introduction C++ programming language
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 Declaration, Comments, Numbers, Variables, I/O data (cout,

cin).
 Expressions and Assignments, Increment and Decrement
Operator, Combined Operator.
 Selection and Switch, If statement Nested If, If else, Switch
 Repetition statement, While, Do While For Nested For
C++ Programming Language

statement.
 One dimensional array I.
 One dimensional array II.
 Two dimensional array I.
 Two dimensional array II.
 Struct I
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 Struct II

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What is this Module all about?

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 Functions, Passing Parameters to Functions
 Stack (Insertion, Deletion)
 Evaluation and Translation of Expression. I
 Evaluation and Translation of Expression. II
 Queue (Insertion, Deletion). I

C++ Programming Language

 Queue (Insertion, Deletion). II
 Circular Queue
 Linked List, Linear Structure (Insertion). I
 Linked List, Linear Structure (Insertion). II
 Introduction to Trees and its operations
 Introduction to binary Search Tree and its operations
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Module Resources
 Book
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• Richard L. Halterman (2017), Fundamentals of

Programming C++.
• Ulla Kirch-Prinz, Peter Prinz, A Complete Guide to
Programming in C++, 2002.
 Suggested references
• Clifford A. Shaffer, Virginia Tech (2011), Data
C++ Programming Language

Structures and Algorithm Analysis.

• James F. Korsh,Leonard J.Garrett (2008), Data
Structures, Algorithms, and Program style using(c),
• Textbook. Michael T. Goodrich, Roberto Tamassia.
David M. Mount (2007), Data Structures and
Algorithms in C++.
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Assessment C++ Programming

Language

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 Assessment of Learning: The student will be evaluated
based on homework, exams, and class participation.
 Examination Information: The exams will cover material
that has been discussed in class or covered in the books.
 Assignments: Homework must be submitted at the

C++ Programming Language

beginning of class on the date which it is due. Late
homework will be accepted only when special circumstances
are approved by the instructor.
 Terms examination: 40%
• Term Exams
• Assignments
 Final Exam: 60% 7

Lecture one
Introduction to C++ Programming
C++ Programming Language

Language

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Computer and Development Tools

 A computer program is a sequence of

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instructions that dictate the flow of
electrical impulses within a computer
system.
 These impulses affect the computer’s

C++ Programming Language

memory and interact with the display
screen, keyboard, mouse, and perhaps
even other computers across a network.
 in such a way as to permit humans to
perform useful tasks, solve high-level
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problems, and play games.

Computer and Development Tools

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 Software must be stored in the computer’s

memory. These patterns of electronic symbols
are best represented as a sequence of zeroes
and ones, digits from the binary (base 2) number
system. An example of a binary program
sequence is:
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10001011011000010001000001001110
 Software can be represented by printed words
and symbols that are easier for humans to
manage than binary sequences.
 Tools exist that automatically convert a higher-
level description of what is to be done into the 10
required lower-level code.

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Computer and Development Tools

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 Higher-level programming languages like C++ allow
programmers to express solutions to programming
problems in terms that are much closer to a natural
language like English.
 Some examples of the more popular of the hundreds of
higher-level programming languages that have been

C++ Programming Language

devised over the past 60 years include FORTRAN,
COBOL, Lisp, Haskell, C, Perl, Python, Java, and C#.
 A C++ compiler is used to translate the C++ code into
machine code. The higher-level language code is called
source code. The compiled machine language code is
called the target code. The compiler translates the
source code into the target machine language. 11

Computer and Development Tools

 An editor allows the user to enter the program source
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code and save it to files. Most programming editors

increase programmer productivity by using colors to
highlight language features.
 The syntax of a language refers to the way pieces of
the language are arranged to make well-formed
C++ Programming Language

sentences.
 Programmers must follow strict syntax rules to create
well-formed computer programs.
 Only well-formed programs are acceptable and can be
compiled and executed.
 Some syntax-aware editors can use colors or other
special annotations to alert programmers of syntax 12
errors before the program is compiled.

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Computer and Development Tools

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C++ Programming Language
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The Task of Programming

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 Machine language: language that computers can

understand; it consists of 1s and 0s
 Interpreter: program that translates programming
language instructions one line at a time
C++ Programming Language

 Compiler: translates entire program at one time

 Run a program by issuing a command to execute the
program statements
 Test a program by using sample data to determine
whether the program results are correct

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What is C++?
 The C++ programming language

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was created by Bjarne Stroustrup
and his team at Bell Laboratories
(AT&T, USA)
 The earliest versions, which were
originally referred to as “C with
classes,” date back to 1980. As the

C++ Programming Language

name C++ implies, C++ was derived
from the C programming language:
++ is the increment operator in C.
 As early as 1989 an ANSI
Committee (American National Bjarne Stroustrup is
Standards Institute) was founded to a computer scientist, most
notable for the invention and
standardize the C++ programming development off 15
language. the C++ programming
language.

DEVELOPING A C++ PROGRAM

 The following three steps are required to create and
translate a C++ program:
1. First, a text editor is used to save the C++ program in a
text file. In other words, the source code is saved to a
source file. In larger projects the programmer will normally
use modular programming. This means that the source
code will be stored in several source files that are edited
Data Structure

and translated separately.

2. The source file is put through a compiler for translation. If
everything works as planned, an object file made up of
machine code is created. The object file is also referred to
as a module.
3. Finally, the linker combines the object file with other
modules to form an executable file. These further
modules contain functions from standard libraries or 16
parts of the program that have been compiled previously.
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

DEVELOPING A C++ PROGRAM

Translating a C++ program

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C++ Programming Language

A BEGINNER’S C++ PROGRAM

■ Sample program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
C++ Programming Language

cout << "Enjoy yourself with C++!" << endl;

return 0;
}

Screen output
Enjoy yourself with C++!
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Structure of function main()

C++ Programming Language

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C++ Program
 The first line begins with the number
symbol, #, which indicates that the line is
intended for the pre-processor. The pre-
processor is just one step in the first
translation phase and no object code is created
at this time.
C++ Programming Language

 You can type #include <filename> to have the

pre-processor copy the quoted file to this
position in the source code.
 This allows the program access to all the
information contained in the header file. The
header file iostream comprises conventions 20
for input and output streams.
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

C++ Program
 The word stream indicates that the information
involved will be treated as a flow of data.
 Predefined names in C++ are to be found in the
std (standard) namespace.
 The using directive allows direct access to the names

C++ Programming Language

of the std namespace.
 Program execution begins with the first instruction in
function main(), and this is why each C++ program
must have a main function.
 This function’s structure is not different from that of any
other C++ function.
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C++ Program
 In our example the function main() contains two statements. The
first statement cout << "Enjoy yourself with C++!" << endl;
 outputs the text string Enjoy yourself with C++! on the screen.
 The name cout (console output) designates an object
responsible for output.
 The two less-than symbols, <<, indicate that characters are
C++ Programming Language

being “pushed” to the output stream.

 Finally endl (end of line) causes a line feed.
 The statement return 0; terminates the function main() and also
the program, returning a value of 0 as an exit code to the calling
program. It is standard practice to use the exit code 0 to indicate
that a program has terminated correctly.
 Note that statements are followed by a semicolon. By the way,
the shortest statement comprises only a semicolon and does 22
nothing.
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

C++ Program
 C++ is case sensitive. All commands in C
must be lowercase.
 C++ has a free-form line structure.
 End of each statement must be marked with

Data Structure
a semicolon. Multiple statements can be on
the same line.
 White space is ignored. Statements can
continue over many lines.

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Comments
 This example also introduces comments. Strings
enclosed in /* . . . */ or starting with // are interpreted as
comments.
EXAMPLES:
/* I can cover
several lines */
// I can cover just one line
Data Structure

 In single-line comments the compiler ignores any

characters following the // signs up to the end of the
line.
 Comments that cover several lines are useful when
troubleshooting, as you can use them to mask
complete sections of your program.
 Both comment types can be used to comment out the 24
other type.
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Exercise (1)
 Write a C++ program that outputs the following
text on screen:
Oh what
a happy day!
Oh yes,
what a happy day!

Data Structure
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Exercise (2)
 The following program contains several errors:
*/ Now you should not forget your glasses //
#include <stream>
int main
{
cout << "If this text",
Data Structure

cout >> " appears on your display, ";

cout << " endl;"
cout << 'you can pat yourself on '
<< " the back!" << endl.
return 0;
)
 Resolve the errors and run the program to test your
changes. 26

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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Exercise (3)
 What does the C++ program output on screen?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout << endl << "Dear reader, "
<< endl << "have a ";

Data Structure
cout << “break!" << endl;
return 0;}

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Solution (1)
 Exercise 1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << " Oh what " << endl;
Data Structure

cout << " a happy day! " << endl;

cout << " Oh yes, " << endl;
cout << " what a happy day! " << endl;
return 0;
}
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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Solution (2)
 Exercise 2
 The corrected places are underlined.

Data Structure
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Solution (3)
 Exercise 3
The screen output begins on a new line:
Dear reader,
have a BREAK!
Data Structure

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C++ Programming Language 11/20/2022

Thank you

Data Structure
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