NoVowel = []

def PushNV(N) :
for i in range(len(N)):
vowel = False
for x in N[i]:
if x in “AEIOUaeiou” :
vowel = True
break
if vowel == False: # if not vowel:
NoVowel.append(N[i])

def Pop():
while True:
if NoVowel == [] :
print(“Empty Stack”)
break
else:
n = NoVowel.pop()
print(n, end = “ ”)

All = []
for i in range(5):
n = input(“Enter a word : ”)
All.append(n)
PushNV(All)
Pop()

while True:
if NoVowel == [] :
print(“Empty Stack”)
break
else:
n = NoVowel.pop()
print(n, end = “ ”)
SQL – 20 1 X 7 MCQ, 2 x 2 Short Notes, ½ X 4 output, 1 X 4
SELECT output, 1 Degree/Cardinality

Structured Query Language

Theory:
DBMS Advantages :
 Reduces Redundancy
 Controls Data Inconsistency
 Enforce Standard
 Ensure Data Security
 Enforce Data Integrity

DBMS  Data Base Management System

Types of DBMS 
 HDBMS : Hierarchical Data Base Management System
 NDBMS : Network Data Base Management System
 RDBMS : Relational Data Base Management System

Terminology 
Relation  arrangement of data in rows and columns, Also known
as (aka) Table
Tuple  Row in a relation (table)
Attribute  Columns of a relation (table)
Domain  Pool of values from which values for a column
(attribute) in a relation is picked.

Degree  Number of Attributes (columns) in relation

Cardinality Number of Tuples (rows) in a relation

Primary Key A key attribute or combination of attributes which is

responsible for unique identification of each tuple in a
Relation
Example  empno in Employee Table
 AdmissionNo in student table
Candidate Key all the key attributes or combinations of attributes
for identification of tuple in relation are called
candidate keys.
Example  empno, ename+deptno+hiredate,
ename+hiredate
 admissionno, class+sec+rollno,
name+dob+phone
Alternate Key  A key attribute that can act as primary key in the
absence of Primary Key
Example  ename+deptno+hiredate
 class+sec+rollno

Foreign Key  a Non-Key Attribute which is primary key in some

other relation
Example  deptno in Employee (deptno is Primary in
dept table)
 stream in Student Table (stream is
primary key in SubjectCombination table)

In 2 Tables identify, candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign

key

Column having Code, Number, ID are Primary + Unique value

Foreign Key  common column in two tables ( duplicate  foreign key,
unique  primary key)

SQL
- Structured Query Language
- Non-Procedural language used to access data in Relational
Database.
Example  MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, Ingress, Sybase

Features of MySQL
 Free and Open Source Software (FLOSS)
  Portable
 Easy and Versatile
 Secured

Examples of RDBMS
Types of SQL commands  DDL, DML
- DDL  Data Definition Language
o CREATE, ALTER, DROP
- DML  Data Manipulation Language
o SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Constraints  Primary key, Unique, Not Null

Primary Key Unique Not Null
Duplicate Values Not Allowed Not Allowed Allowed
Empty Not Allowed Allowed Not Allowed

CHAR vs VARCHAR 

Char Varchar
Fixed Length Character Data Varying Length Character Data
CHAR VARCHAR(n)
CHAR(n)
Where n is number of characters
N is Total number of characters in Maximum number of characters in
each data. each data ( minimum can be Zero)
“Anil ”  10 Character “Anil”  4 Character
“Amitabh ”  10 Character “Amitabh”  7 Character
Remaining places are padded with
blank space.

DISTINCT
WHERE vs HAVING
ORDER By ASC vs DESC
GROUP BY
 DROP vs DELETE
IS NULL, LIKE
Aggregate Function  COUNT, AVG, SUM, MIN/MAX
Syntax  SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE
 CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP

1. To display the list of available databases

SHOW DATABASES

2. To open a Database
USE databasename

3. To display the list of tables

SHOW TABLES

4. Display the structure of the Table

DESC tablename
DESCRIBE tablename

DDL  Data Definition Language

CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE
CREATE DATABASE, DROP DATABASE

Creating a database
CREATE DATABASE dbname

CREATE DATABASE sample

USE sample

Deleting a database
DROP DATABASE dbname

DROP DATABASE sample

Creating Table
CREATE TABLE tablename
(
column_details
)

column_details  column_name datatype(size, precision) constraint

datatype 
int / integer / numeric
[ int, integer, int(size), integer(size), numeric(size, 0)]
char / varchar
[ char(size) / varchar(size) ]
decimal / numeric  non-dec places + . + dec places
[ numeric(size, dec) / decimal(size, dec) ]
99999.99  size = 8, precision/dec = 2
date  No size

Constraints  Primary Key

Unique
Not Null
DEFAULT value  used when INSERT
CHECK
REFRENCES (Foreign Key Constraint)

Write SQL command to Create a table student

Column Datatype Description
Adm no 4 digit integer Primary key
Name 30 char Character Can not be empty
Fee Float with 2 dec places Default value is 1000
Date of birth date

CREATE TABLE student

(
admno INT(4) PRIMARY KEY,
name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
fee NUMERIC(10, 2) DEFAULT 1000.00,
 dateofbirth DATE
)

ALTER TABLE  change the table structure

ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD / MODIFY / DROP / CHANGE
(
column_details
)

1. Adding new column

Write SQL command to add a new column Marks of decimal and
gender M or F into student table

ALTER TABLE student

ADD ( marks DECIMAL(5, 1),
gender CHAR(1) )

2. Changing Existing Column  data type, size, precision, constraints

Write SQL command to change the data type of name from char to
varchar of 30 characters

ALTER TABLE student

MODIFY ( name VARCHAR(30) )

3. Deleting existing column

SQL command to delete the marks column

ALTER TABLE student

DROP marks

Deleting Table
DROP TABLE tablename

DROP TABLE student

Difference between DROP and DELETE

DROP DELETE
DDL – Data Definition Language DML – Data Manipulation
Language
Deletes the entire data along with It deletes the rows of a table, The
the table structure table structure remains intact.
Table once Dropped can’t be used Table once deleted can further be
used to add more data.
DROP can’t be rollbacked. If not committed, then delete can be
rollbacked.

DML – SELECT / INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE

SELECT  to list/ to show/ to display/ to select

SELECT DISTINCT column_expression_list alias

FROM table_list
WHERE row_predicate
GROUP BY columns
HAVING aggregate_condition
ORDER BY column DESC

SELECT *
FROM empl

SELECT ename, job, sal

FROM empl

SELECT ename, sal*12

FROM empl
SELECT ename “Emp Name”, sal*12 “Annual Salary”, sal*.1 Bonus
FROM empl

SELECT job
FROM empl

SELECT DISTINCT job

FROM empl

WHERE row_predicate

1. Relational Operator
<, <=, >, >=, =, <> (!=)
WHERE deptno = 10
WHERE job = “Clerk”
WHERE hiredate >= “2010.12.31”

Date  < Previous / Earlier / before

> Later / After

2. Logical operator
AND, OR, NOT

Employees who are not in deptno 20

WHERE deptno <> 20
WHERE NOT deptno = 20

Clerks of deptno 30
WHERE deptno = 30 AND job = “Clerk”

Employees who are either clerk or working in deptno 30

WHERE job = “Clerk” OR deptno = 30
 3. BETWEEN … AND

WHERE sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000

WHERE sal >= 1000 AND sal <= 3000

List details of section A to D students

SELECT * FROM student
WHERE section BETWEEN ‘A’ AND ‘D’

SELECT * FROM student

WHERE section >= ‘A’ AND section <=’D’

WHERE section BETWEEN “A” AND “D”

WHERE section >= “A” AND section <= “D”

WHERE hiredate BETWEEN “2010.01.01” AND “2010.12.31”

WHERE hiredate >=“2010.01.01” AND hiredate <=“2010.12.31”
WGERE year(hiredate) = 2010

SELECT * from STUDENT

WHERE dateofadm>=”2005.05.01” AND
dateofadm<= “2005.05.31”

SELECT * FROM student WHERE month(dateofadm) = 5

4. IN
selection out of multiple choices

WHERE job IN (‘Clerk’, ‘Salesman’, ‘Analyst’)

Write SQL command to display details of all the clerks salesmen and
analysts
SELECT * FROM empl
WHERE job IN (‘Clerk’, ‘Salesman’, ‘Analyst’)
List of employees joined the company in 2010, 2012, 2014

SELECT * FROM empl

WHERE year(hiredate) IN (2010, 2012, 2014)

SELECT * FROM empl

WHERE job = ‘Clerk’ OR job = ‘Salesman’ OR job = ‘Analyst’

5. IS NULL / IS NOT NULL

Happening of Event  IS NOT NULL

Non-Happening of event  IS NULL

SELECT * FROM empl

WHERE comm IS NULL;

Employees getting commission

WHERE comm IS NOT NULL

Employees not getting commission

WHERE comm IS NULL

Student appeared in Exam

WHERE marks IS NOT NULL

Student absents in exam

WHERE dateofexam IS NULL

6. Pattern Matching LIKE / NOT LIKE

column LIKE / NOT LIKE ‘pattern’

 Pattern  % _ (wild card character)

Wild card characters are special symbols used in pattern for

replacement by other characters

%  zero or more characters replacement

_  one and only one character replacement

pa_an  pavan, palan, pawan, paran, pakan

pa%an  paan, pavan, pawan, pavvan, pakakakaknmeoprhfjkfan

whose name starts with A

WHERE ename LIKE ‘A%’

Whose name ends with ‘T’

WHERE ename LIKE ‘%T’

Whose name start with A and have only 5 characters

WHERE ename LIKE ‘A_ _ _ _’

Whose name have singh  singh% %singh% %singh

WHERE ename LIKE ‘%singh%’

 Singh Amar Daas

 Amar Dass Singh
 Amar Singh Grover

List of students having gmail account

SELECT * FROM student WHERE email LIKE ‘%@gmail.%’

ORDER BY Clause
Used to arrange data in ascending or descending order of a column
ORDER BY column_name DESC

Write sql command to list employees in ascending order of their salary

SELECT * FROM empl

ORDER BY sal

In descending order of their name

SELECT * FROM empl
ORDER BY ename DESC

List all the clerks in descending order of salary

SELECT * FROM empl

WHERE job = ‘Clerk’
ORDER BY sal DESC

Product
Product_Id Product_name Price Category_ID
2 Bricks 26.70 3 Toys
4 Sofa 3200.00 1 Furniture
5 Desk 1350.00 1 Furniture

Category
Category_ID Product_Group
1 Furniture
3 Toys

SELECT Product.product_name, Category.product_group FROM

product, category where product.category_ID = category.Category_ID

Product.product_name Category.product_group
Bricks Toys
Sofa Furniture
Desk Furniture

Teacher_ID Count(*)
101 2
102 2
104 2

GROUP BY Clause

- Group By is always used with Aggregate Functions (min, max,

sum, avg, count)
- Select clause always include the column used in Group By clause
- ( if a select clause uses a column to display, then that column must
be used in Group By clause)

SELECT deptno, sum(sal) FROM empl

GROUP BY deptno

SELECT job, avg(sal) FROM empl

GROUP BY job

Write SQL command to display total salary

SELECT sum(sal) FROM empl

Write SQL command to display total salary department wise (for each
department)

SELECT deptno, sum(sal) FROM empl

GROUP BY deptno

SELECT deptno, sum(sal) FROM empl

GROUP BY deptno

Write SQL command to display total salaries of different jobs

SELECT job, sum(sal) FROM empl
GROUP BY job

Display sum of salaries of different department for male employees

SELECT deptno, sum(sal) FROm empl
WHERE gender = “M”
GROUP BY deptno

Display total salary of each department having more than 2 employees

SELECT deptno, sum(sal)
FROM empl
GROUP BY deptno
HAVING count(*) > 2

COUNT  Counts not null values of a column

COUNT(*)  counts the rows
COUNT(column)  counts the NOT NULL columns
COUNT(DISTINCT column)  ignores duplicate and nulls

SELECT count(*) FROM empl;  14

SELECT count(comm) FROM empl; 5

SUM(column) / AVG(column )  they will be used with Numeric Data

type

MIN(column) / MAX(column)  used with any data type

HAVING clause

WHERE & HAVING

- Having used with Group By clause only
- Having is mostly used to compare aggregate (min, max, sum,
count, avg) values
Write SQL command to display total salary of all the clerks
SELECT sum(sal) FROM empl
WHERE job = ‘Clerk’

Write SQL command to display the total salary of each job

SELECT job, sum(sal) FROM empl
GROUP BY job

Write SQL command to display the total salary of each job for those jobs
where number of employees are more than 2
SELECT job, sum(sal) FROM empl
GROUP BY job
HAVING count(*) > 2

Write SQL command to display the total salary of each job for males only
SELECT job, sum(sal) FROM empl
WHERE gender = “M”
GROUP BY job

SELECT * FROM empl

WHERE year(hiredate) = 2010

SELECT * FROM student

WHERE day(dob) = 1

Cartesian Product / Cross Product / Cross JOIN  querying multiple

tables without any common criteria

 Degrees  Added A (4,3)xB(10, 2)C(40,5)

 Cardinality  Multiplied
Join  querying multiple tables with conditions

Natural Join Equi Join Inner Join Self Join

Non-Natural Join Non-Equi Join Outer Join

Column name Operator =

A B
Name deptno deptno place
X 10 10 Prayagraj
Y 30 20 Kaushambi

X 10 10 Prayagraj A.deptno = B.deptno

X 10 10 Prayagraj A.deptno(-) = B.deptno

Y 30 -- -----------

X 10 10 Prayagraj A.deptno = B.deptno (-)

-- -- 20 Kaushambi

JOIN:

1. Find common column  to decide the joining criteria

2. Common column should always referred with table name or table
alias

Write SQL query to display details of employees and their departments

SELECT *
FROM empl, dept
WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno

SELECT *
FROM empl e, dept d
WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno

Write SQL query to display name of employee, department name and

location

SELECT ename, dname, loc

FROM empl, dept
WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno

Write SQL query to display name of employee, department number,

department name and location of all the clerks and salesmen

SELECT ename, empl.deptno, dname, loc

FROM empl, dept
WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno
AND job IN (“Clerk”, “Salesman”)

SELECT ename, job, sal, E.deptno, loc

FROM empl E, dept D
WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno

SELECT ename, job, sal, grade

FROM empl, salgrade
WHERE empl.sal BETWEEN salgrade.losal AND salgrade.hisal

SELECT a.ename, a.job, a.mgr, b.ename

FROM empl a, empl b
WHERE a.mgr = b.empno

UPDATE  to change / modify / edit / increase / decrease / set

UPDATE tablename
SET column_name = new_value
WHERE condition
Command to increase salary by 100
 UPDATE empl
SET sal = sal + 100

Command to increase salary by 100 and commission by 50

UPDATE empl
SET sal = sal + 100, comm = comm + 50

Command to increase salary by 10% for all the clerks

UPDATE empl
SET sal = sal * 1.1
WHERE job = “Clerk”

To change category from 13 to 31

UPDATE cd
SET category = 31
WHERE category = 13

sal = sal + sal * 10/100

sal = sal + sal * .1
sal = sal * 1.1

INSERT  To add new Row

INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value_list)

Write SQL command to insert following row in empl table

1, pavan, teacher, 10, 1992-12-12, 800, NULL, 30

INSERT INTO empl

VALUES (1, “pavan”, “teacher”, 10, “1992-12-12”, 800, NULL, 30)

DELETE  delete tuple / row / record

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition

Delete all the records

DELETE FROM empl

Deletes only clerks

DELETE FROM empl
WHERE job = “Clerk”

Sample Question paper

Fill in the blank:

______ command is used to remove primary key from the table in SQL.
(a) update (b)remove (c) alter (d)drop

Which of the following commands will delete the table from MYSQL
database?
(a) DELETE TABLE
(b) DROP TABLE
(c) REMOVE TABLE
(d) ALTER TABLE

Fill in the blank:

_________ is a non-key attribute, whose values are derived from the
primary key of some other table.
(a) Primary Key
(b) Foreign Key
(c) Candidate Key
(d) Alternate Key

Fill in the blank:

The SELECT statement when combined with __________ clause, returns
records without repetition.
(a) DESCRIBE
(b) UNIQUE
(c) DISTINCT
(d) NULL

Which function is used to display the total number of records from table in
a database?
(a) sum(*)
(b) total(*)
(c) count(*)
(d) return(*)

Explain the use of ‘Foreign Key’ in a Relational Database Management

System. Give example to support your answer.

Differentiate between count() and count(*) functions in SQL with

appropriate example.
OR
Categorize the following commands as DDL or DML:
INSERT, UPDATE, ALTER, DROP

Consider the following tables – Bank_Account and Branch:

Table: Bank_Account
ACode Name Type
A01 Amrita Savings
A02 Parthodas Current
A03 Miraben Current

Table: Branch
ACode City
A01 Delhi
A02 Mumbai
A01 Nagpur
(a) What will be the output of the following statement?
SELECT * FROM Bank_Account NATURAL JOIN Branch;

SELECT * FROM Bank_account, Branch

WHERE Bank_account.A_Code = Branch.A_Code

(b) Write the output of the queries (i) to (iv) based on the table,
TECH_COURSE given below:
Table: TECH_COURSE
CID CNAME FEES STARTDATE TID
C201 Animation and VFX 12000 2022-07-02 101
C202 CADD 15000 2021-11-15 NULL
C203 DCA 10000 2020-10-01 102
C204 DDTP 9000 2021-09-15 104
C205 Mobile Application 18000 2022-11-01 101
Development
C206 Digital marketing 16000 2022-07-25 103

(i) SELECT DISTINCT TID FROM TECH_COURSE;

(ii) SELECT TID, COUNT(*), MIN(FEES) FROM TECH_COURSE
GROUP BY TID HAVING COUNT(TID)>1;
(iii) SELECT CNAME FROM TECH_COURSE WHERE FEES>15000
ORDER BY CNAME;
(iv) SELECT AVG(FEES) FROM TECH_COURSE WHERE FEES
BETWEEN 15000 AND 17000;

(a) Write the outputs of the SQL queries (i) to (iv) based on the relations
Teacher and Placement given below:
Table : Teacher
T_ID Name Age Department Date_of_join Salary Gender
1 Arunan 34 Computer Sc 2019-01-10 12000 M
2 Saman 31 History 2017-03-24 20000 F
3 Randeep 32 Mathematics 2020-12-12 30000 M
4 Samira 35 History 2018-07-01 40000 F
 5 Raman 42 Mathematics 2021-09-05 25000 M
6 Shyam 50 History 2019-06-27 30000 M
7 Shiv 44 Computer Sc 2019-02-25 21000 M
8 Shalakha 33 Mathematics 2018-07-31 20000 F
Table : Placement
P_ID Department Place
1 History Ahmedabad
2 Mathematics Jaipur
3 Computer Sc Nagpur
(i) SELECT Department, avg(salary) FROM Teacher GROUP BY
Department;
(ii) SELECT MAX(Date_of_Join), MIN(Date_of_Join) FROM Teacher;
(iii) SELECT Name, Salary, T.Department, Place FROM Teacher T,
Placement P WHERE T.Department = P.Department AND Salary>20000;
(iv) SELECT Name, Place FROM Teacher T, Placement PWHERE
Gender =’F’ AND T.Department=P.Department;

Navdeep creates a table RESULT with a set of records to maintain the

marks secured by students in Sem 1, Sem2, Sem3 and their division. After
creation of the table, he has entered data of 7 students in the table.
Table: RESULT
ROLL_NO SNAME SEM1 SEM2 SEM3 DIVISION
101 KARAN 366 410 402 I
102 NAMAN 300 350 325 I
103 ISHA 400 410 415 I
104 RENU 350 357 415 I
105 ARPIT 100 75 178 IV
106 SABINA 100 205 217 II
107 NEELAM 470 450 471 I

(b) Write the command to view all tables in a database.

Based on the data given above answer the following questions:
(i) Identify the most appropriate column, which can be considered as
Primary key.
(ii) If two columns are added and 2 rows are deleted from the table result,
what will be the new degree and cardinality of the above table?
(iii) Write the statements to:
a. Insert the following record into the table
Roll No- 108, Name- Aadit, Sem1- 470, Sem2-444, Sem3-475, Div – I.

INSERT INTO result

VALUES( 108, “Aaadit”, 470, 444, 475, “I”)

b. Increase the SEM2 marks of the students by 3% whose name begins

with ‘N’.

UPDATE result
SET sem2 = sem2 * 1.03
WHERE name LIKE “N%”

OR (Option for part iii only)

(iii) Write the statements to:
a. Delete the record of students securing IV division.
DELETE FROM result
WHERE div = “IV”

b. Add a column REMARKS in the table with datatype as varchar with 50

characters.
ALTER TABLE result
ADD ( remarks VARCHAR(50))