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String in Java
A String is an unavoidable type of variable
while writing any application program.
String references are used to store various
attributes like username, password, etc. In
Java, String objects are immutable.
Immutable simply means unmodifiable or
unchangeable.
Once String object is created its data or
state can't be changed but a new String
object is created.
Let's try to understand the concept of
immutability by the example given below:
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Testimmutablestring.java
class Testimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appen
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin becaus
Test it Now
Output:
Sachin
Now it can be understood by the diagram
given below. Here Sachin is not changed
but a new object is created with Sachin
Tendulkar. That is why String is known as
immutable.
As you can see in the above figure that
two objects are created but s reference
variable still refers to "Sachin" not to
"Sachin Tendulkar".
But if we explicitly assign it to the
reference variable, it will refer to "Sachin
Tendulkar" object.
For example:
Testimmutablestring1.java
1. class Testimmutablestring1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. String s="Sachin";
4. s=s.concat(" Tendulkar");
5. System.out.println(s);
6. }
7. }
Test it Now
Output:
Sachin Tendulkar
In such a case, s points to the "Sachin
Tendulkar". Please notice that still Sachin
object is not modified.
Why String objects are immutable in
Java?
As Java uses the concept of String literal.
Suppose there are 5 reference variables,
all refer to one object "Sachin". If one
reference variable changes the value of the
object, it will be affected by all the
reference variables. That is why String
objects are immutable in Java.
Following are some features of String
which makes String objects immutable.
1. ClassLoader:
A ClassLoader in Java uses a String object
as an argument. Consider, if the String
object is modifiable, the value might be
changed and the class that is supposed to
be loaded might be different.
To avoid this kind of misinterpretation,
String is immutable.
2. Thread Safe:
As the String object is immutable we don't
have to take care of the synchronization
that is required while sharing an object
across multiple threads.
3. Security:
As we have seen in class loading,
immutable String objects avoid further
errors by loading the correct class. This
leads to making the application program
more secure. Consider an example of
banking software. The username and
password cannot be modified by any
intruder because String objects are
immutable. This can make the application
program more secure.
4. Heap Space:
The immutability of String helps to
minimize the usage in the heap memory.
When we try to declare a new String
object, the JVM checks whether the value
already exists in the String pool or not. If
it exists, the same value is assigned to the
new object. This feature allows Java to use
the heap space efficiently.
Why String class is Final in Java?
The reason behind the String class being
final is because no one can override the
methods of the String class. So that it can
provide the same features to the new
String objects as well as to the old ones.
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