SQL SERVER
SQL COMMANDS
DDL Commands (Data Defintion Language )
1. Create - to create database and table
2. use - to select specific database
3. alter - to modify the structure of table
4. drop - to drop/delete database , table
5. truncate - to delete all records at a time from table
DML Commands (Data Manipulation Language)
1. insert - to insert records/data in a table
2. update - to update/modify inserted/saved data
3. delete - to delete specific record from table
DCL Commands (Data Control Language)
grant - to give access of database
revoke - to take back access of database
DQL Commands (Data Querry Language)
select - to show/fetch records
TCL Commands (Transaction Control Language)
commit
savepoint -
rollback
/* create database */
create database database_name;
create database batch10;
/* select database */
use database_name;
use batch10;
/* datatypes */
1) Numeric data types
1. int (-2,147,483,648 bits to 2,147,483,648) 1000 bits = 1byte
1000 byte = 1kb 1024kb = 1mb 6000000000
2. bigint (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 )
3. smallint (-32,768 to 32,768)
4. decimal
5. tinyint ( 0 - 255)
6. numeric
6999999999
7999999999
2) character String data types
1. char(8000 bits of characters) only alphabets
2. varchar (8000 characters) alphanumeric values (numbers+characters)
3. varchar(max) (231 characters)
4. nchar (4000 characters)
5. nvarchar (4000 characters)
6. text
char(15)
int
3)date and time datatype
1. date ('yyyy-mm-dd')
2. time ('hh:mm:ss')
3. datetime (jan-1-1753 to dec-31-9999) ('yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss')
4. smalldatetime (jan-1-1900 to jun-6-2079)
4) binary datatypes
1. binary (fixed binary length 8000 bytes)
2. varbinary (variable length 8000 bytes)
3. image
/* create table */
create table table_name
(
column1 datatype(length),
column2 datatype(length),
.
.
columnN datatype(length)
);
create table tbl_student
(
stud_id int,
stud_name char(40),
stud_address varchar(60),
stud_contactno bigint,
stud_email varchar(30),
stud_DOB date,
stud_Fees decimal,
stud_course varchar(30)
);
use batch10;
/* drop table */
drop table table_name;
drop table tbl_student;
/* drop database */
use admin;
drop database database_name;
drop database batch10;
create database batch10;
use batch10;
/* create table */
create table tbl_employee
(
emp_id int,
emp_name varchar(40),
emp_address varchar(50),
emp_mail varchar(30),
emp_contactno bigint,
emp_DOB date,
emp_salary decimal,
emp_dept_id int,
emp_qualification varchar(30),
emp_adharno bigint
);
/* show table / fetch records */
select columnnames from tablename;
select column1, column2,.....columnN from tablename;
select emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno, emp_DOB, emp_salary,
emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno from tbl_employee;
select emp_id, emp_name, emp_adharno, emp_salary from tbl_employee;
select * from tbl_employee;
/* insert data or records */
address method
value method
/* address method */
insert into table_name (column1, column2,....columnN) values ('val1',
'val2',......'valN');
insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,
emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (1, 'Sahil', 'Pune', '
[email protected]',9089786756, '1999-10-04', 40000, 5,
'BE-IT', 123456789012);
insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,
emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (3124567890, 'Sahil', 'Pune', '
[email protected]',9089786756, '1999-10-04',
40000, 5, 'BE-IT', 123456789012);
insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,
emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (4, 'Riya', 'Aundh', ' ',9089786756, '1999-10-04', 40000, 5, 'BE-IT',
123456789012);
select * from tbl_employee;
insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_contactno, emp_DOB,
emp_salary, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (2, 'Kiran', 'Pune', 8009786756, '1995-03-24', 35000, 'BE-IT',
989856789012);
/* direct fetch records from form*/
insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,
emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values ( '@emp_id', '@emp_name', '@emp_address', '@emp_mail', '@emp_contactno',
'@emp_DOB', '@emp_salary', '@emp_dept_id', '@emp_qualification', '@emp_adharno');
/* value method */
insert into tablename values ('val1', 'val2',....,'valN');
insert into tbl_employee values (3, 'Pooja', 'Hadapsar', '
[email protected]',
8988999990, '2000-05-30', 40000, 2, 'BE-civil', 899898989898);
insert into tbl_employee values (3, 'Pooja', 'Hadapsar', '[email protected]',
8988999990, 40000, 2, 'BE-civil', 899898989898); /* error */
use batch10;
select * from tbl_employee;
/* alter to add column */
alter table tablename add columnname datatype(length);
alter table tbl_employee add emp_bankdetails bigint;
/* alter to modify column */
alter table tablename alter column columnname datatype(length);
alter table tbl_employee alter column emp_bankdetails varchar(40);
/* alter to drop column */
alter table tablename drop column/index/constraint
columnname/indexname/constraintname;
alter table tbl_employee drop column emp_bankdetails;
select * from tbl_employee;
/* update */
update tablename set newvalue where condition ;
update tbl_employee set emp_mail = '[email protected]' where emp_id = 2;
select * from tbl_employee;
update tbl_employee set emp_address = 'Poona' where emp_address = 'Pune';
update tbl_employee set emp_mail = '[email protected]' where emp_mail = ' ';
update tbl_employee set emp_dept_id = 10 where emp_dept_id is null;
insert into table_name (column1, column2,....columnN)
values ('val1', 'val2',......'valN'),
('val1', 'val2',......'valN'),
('val1', 'val2',......'valN');
insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,
emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (5, 'Meera', 'Pune', '
[email protected]',7767786756, '1999-09-14', 45000, 3,
'BE-Mechanical', 167676789012),
(6, 'Rahul', 'Hadapsar', '
[email protected]',7897786756, '1998-01-18', 50000,
2, 'BE-Civil', 223456789012);
select * from tbl_employee;
/* delete */
delete from tablename where condition;
delete from tbl_employee where emp_qualification = 'BE-Mechanical';
select * from tbl_employee;
/* truncate */
truncate table table_name;
truncate table tbl_employee;
/* SQL Operators */
1) Arithmetic Operators
a = 10 b = 20
1. Addition (+) a + b
2. Subtraction (-)
3. Multiplication (*)
4. Division (/)
5. Modulus (%)
a = 10 b = 3
a/b = 10/3 =
2) Comparison Operators
a = 10; b = 5;
1. = a = b false
2. != a != b
3. > a > b
4. < a < b
5. >= a >= b
6. <= a <= b
9. <> a<>b
3) Logical Operators
1. ANY select * from product any (select * from order where productid =
10);
2. AND select * from student where marks > 80 and age < 16;
3. OR select * from student where marks > 80 or age < 16;
4. EXISTS
5. LIKE
6. BETWEEN - between [lowerrange] and [higherrange]
7. IN - columnname in('val1',...., 'valN')
'val' in(col1,col2,.....)
8. NOT
9. ALL
use batch10;
select * from tbl_employee;
use customer;
select * from student1;
select marks, studid, marks + studid from student1;
select marks, studid, marks - studid from student1;
select marks, studid, marks * studid from student1;
select marks, studid, marks / studid from student1;
select marks, studid, marks % studid from student1;
/* cluases */
select
from
where
group by
having
order by
/* where */
select * from student1;
select columnnames from tablename where condition;
select * from student1 where marks = 92;
select * from student1 where marks != 92;
select * from student1 where marks > 90;
select * from student1 where marks >= 90;
select * from student1 where marks <= 80;
select * from student1 where marks < 90;
select * from student1 where marks <> 77;
select * from student1 where district like 'pune';
select * from student1 where district like 'pune' and marks < 80;
select * from student1 where district like 'pune' or marks < 80;
select * from student1 where marks between 80 and 90;
select studname from student1 where district in('pune', 'solapur', 'satara');
select * from student1 where district in('pune', 'solapur', 'satara');
select * from student1 where 'pune' in(address, district, city);
select * from student1 where 'wai' in(address, district, city);
select * from student1 where district not in('pune', 'solapur', 'satara');
select * from student1 where marks not between 80 and 90;
select * from customer;
select * from orders;
select * from customer where exists (select * from orders where customer.custid=
orders.custid and custid = 5);
select * from customer where custid = any (select custid from orders where
productname = 'clothes');
select * from customer where custid = all (select custid from orders where
productname = 'clothes');
/* aggregate functions */
count()
sum()
min()
max()
avg()
round()
select aggregate_function(columnname) from tablename;
select * from student1;
select count(studid) from student1;
select count(state) as no_of_states from student1;
select sum(marks) as total_marks from student1;
select max(marks) as Max_marks from student1;
select min(marks) as Min_marks from student1;
select avg(marks) as avg_marks from student1;
select round(marks, 2) as marks from student1;
/*scaler functions */
len()
upper()
lower()
select len(studname) as length, studname from student1;
select upper(studname)as studname, studname from student1;
select lower(studname)as studname, studname from student1;
/* group by clause */
select aggregate_function(columnname) from tablename group by columnname;
select * from student1;
select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 group by address;
select count(marks) as no_of_students, marks from student1 group by marks;
/* having clause */
select count(marks) as no_of_students, marks from student1 group by marks having
marks > 80;
select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 group by address
having marks > 80;
select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 where marks > 80
group by address ;
select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 group by address
having address in('aundh', 'pune', 'hadapsar');
/* order by clause */
select columnnames from tablename order by columnname;
select * from student1;
select * from student1 order by studname;
select * from student1 order by marks;
select * from student1 order by marks desc;
select * from tbl_employee;
select name, salary from tbl_employee where salary > 1250;
/* constraints */
not null
default
check
/* not null */
create table tblnotnull
(
id int not null,
name char(30),
address varchar(40)
);
select * from tblnotnull;
insert into tblnotnull (id, name, address) values (1, 'shreya', 'Wai');
insert into tblnotnull ( name, address) values ( 'shreya', 'Wai');
insert into tblnotnull (id, address) values (1, 'Wai');
/* default constraint */
create table center
(
id int,
name char(30),
center varchar(30) default 'Mumbai'
);
select * from center;
insert into center (id, name, center) values (1, 'sahil', 'pune');
insert into center (id, name) values (1, 'sahil');
insert into center (id, name, center) values (2, 'pooja', 'Thane');
insert into center (id, name) values (3, 'pratik');
/* check constraint */
create table reg
(
id int,
name char(20),
marks decimal,
check(marks > 60)
);
select * from reg;
insert into reg values (1, 'riya', 89);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 61);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 60);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 79);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 40);
/* sql keys */
primary key
unique key
alternate key
foreign key
composite key
super key
candidate key
/* primary key */
create table tblstudent
(
studid int primary key,
studname char(30),
address varchar(40)
);
select * from tblstudent;
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (1, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (2, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent ( studname, address) values ('viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (6, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (3, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (11, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (7, 'viaan', 'KP');
/* unique key */
create table tblstudent1
(
studid int primary key,
studname char(30),
address varchar(40),
mobile bigint unique,
adharno bigint not null unique
);
select * from tblstudent1;
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, mobile, adharno) values (1,
'viaan', 'KP', 9090909090, 454323456789);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, mobile, adharno) values (2,
'viaan', 'KP', 8880909090, 134623456789);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, mobile) values (3, 'viaan',
'KP', 9090909088);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, adharno) values (4, 'viaan',
'KP', 954323456789);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, adharno) values (5, 'viaan',
'KP', 994323456789);
/* foreign key */
columnname datatype foreign key references tablename(columnname)
create table customer
(
id int primary key,
name char(30),
address varchar(40)
);
create table tblorder
(
orderid int primary key,
product char(30),
custid int foreign key references customer(id)
);
select * from customer;
select * from tblorder;
insert into tblorder values (1, 'Colthes', 1);
insert into customer values (1, 'Ganesh', 'Pune');
/* composite key */
create table tblcourse
(
id int,
name char(30),
coursename varchar(30),
primary key(id, coursename)
);
select * from tblcourse;
insert into tblcourse values (1, 'raj', 'java');
insert into tblcourse values (2, 'Priya', 'java');
insert into tblcourse values (1, 'raj', 'python');
/* sql joins */
select * from customer;
select * from orders;
select * from product0;
1.INNER JOIN
2.OUTER JOIN
a.LEFT OUTER JOIN
b.RIGHT OUTER JOIN
c.FULL OUTER JOIN
3.CROSS JOIN
4.SELF JOIN
/* INNER JOIN */
select columnnames from table1 join table2 on table1.columnname =
table2.columnname;
select * from orders inner join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;
/* left outer join */
select * from orders left outer join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;
/* right outer join */
select * from orders right outer join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;
/* full outer join */
select * from orders full outer join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;
/* cross join */
select * from orders cross join customer;
select * from orders cross join customer where custname like 'a%';
select * from orders cross join customer where custname like '%a';
select * from orders cross join customer where custname like '%s%';
select * from customer where custname like 'a%';
select * from customer where custname like '%a';
select * from customer where custname like '%a%';
select * from customer where custname like 'a_______';
select * from customer where custname like 's____';
/* self join */
select * from customer;
select A.custname as CustomerA, B.custname as CustomerB, A.address, B.address
from customer A, customer B
where A.custname <> B.custname and A.address = B.address;
select A.empname , B.designation
from employee A, employee B
where A.exprience = '5years' ;
select * from student1;
select A.studname as StudentA, B.studname as StudentB, A.marks as MarksA, B.marks
as MarksB
from student1 A, student1 B
where A.marks > B.marks;
/* top limit */
select * from student1;
select top [limit] columnnames from tablename;
select top 1 * from student1;
select top 5 * from student1;
select top 3 * from student1 order by marks desc;
/* database refresh or random data */
select * from student1;
for mysql RAND() for oracle n sqlserver NEWID()
select * from student1 order by newid();
select top 5 * from student1 order by newid();
/* auto increment */
for mysql AUTO_INCREMENT() for sql server IDENTITY(1st value, incrementing value)
create table autoid
(
id int identity(1,1),
name char(30),
mobile bigint
);
select * from autoid;
insert into autoid values ( 'ram', 7878787878);
create table autoid1
(
id int identity(10,5),
name char(30),
mobile bigint
);
select * from autoid1;
insert into autoid1 values ( 'ram', 7878787878);
/* index */
create index index_name on tablename (columnnames);
create unique index index_name on tablename (columnnames);
create index idx_id on center(id, center);
create unique index idx_custid on cust(id);
select * from cust;
/* drop index */
drop index tablename.indexname;
drop index cust.idx_custid;
/* stored procedure */
create procedure procedurename
as sql_statement
go;
create procedure studentdata
as select * from tblstudent1
go
;
exec procedurename;
exec studentdata;
/* sql view */
create view view_name as
select columnnames
from tablename
where condition;
create view viewcustaddress as
select custid, custname, address, mobno, email
from customer
where address like 'pune';
select * from viewcustaddress;
/* drop view */
drop view viewname;
drop view viewcustaddress;
select * from customer;
