-- Python Study Material
• Table of Contents
1. [Introduction to Python](•introduction-to-python)
2. [Basic Syntax and Operations](•basic-syntax-and-operations)
3. [Control Flow](•control-flow)
4. [Data Structures](•data-structures)
5. [Functions and Modules](•functions-and-modules)
6. [Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)](•object-oriented-programming-oop)
7. [File Handling](•file-handling)
8. [Error Handling and Exceptions](•error-handling-and-exceptions)
9. [Libraries and Frameworks](•libraries-and-frameworks)
10. [Advanced Topics](•advanced-topics)
11. [Real-World Applications](•real-world-applications)
12. [Resources and Practice](•resources-and-practice)
---
• 1. Introduction to Python
• Overview
- Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and simplicity.
- It's widely used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, scientific computing, and
more.
• Key Features
- Easy-to-read syntax
- Extensive standard library
- Dynamically typed
- Supports multiple programming paradigms (procedural, object-oriented, functional)
• Installation
- Install Python from the official website [python.org](https://www.python.org/).
- Use package managers like `pip` to install additional libraries.
• Basic Usage
- Python can be run in interactive mode or by executing scripts.
- The Python Interactive Shell (REPL) allows for quick testing of code snippets.
• 2. Basic Syntax and Operations
• Variables and Data Types
- Variables are containers for storing data values.
- Common data types: `int`, `float`, `str`, `bool`, `list`, `tuple`, `dict`, `set`.
•python
• Examples
x = 10 • Integer
y = 3.14 • Float
name = "Alice" • String
is_valid = True • Boolean
• Basic Operations
- Arithmetic: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `//` (floor division), `%` (modulus), `•` (exponentiation)
- Comparison: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=`
- Logical: `and`, `or`, `not`
- Assignment: `=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`
•python
• Examples
a=5
b=2
sum = a + b • 7
diff = a - b • 3
product = a * b • 10
quotient = a / b • 2.5
floor_div = a // b • 2
remainder = a % b • 1
power = a • b • 25
• Strings
- Strings can be manipulated using methods like `upper()`, `lower()`, `replace()`, `split()`, `join()`.
- Use slicing to access substrings: `str[start:end]`.
•python
• Examples
greeting = "Hello, World!"
print(greeting.upper()) • "HELLO, WORLD!"
print(greeting[0:5]) • "Hello"
• 3. Control Flow
• Conditional Statements
- Use `if`, `elif`, and `else` to control the flow based on conditions.
•python
• Example
x = 10
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")
• Loops
- `for` loops iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, dictionary, set, or string).
- `while` loops execute as long as a condition is true.
•python
• Example
for i in range(5):
print(i) • 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
n=5
while n > 0:
print(n)
n -= 1
•
• List Comprehensions
- A concise way to create lists.
•python
• Example
squares = [x•2 for x in range(10)]
• 4. Data Structures
• Lists
- Ordered, mutable collections of items.
- Methods: `append()`, `remove()`, `sort()`, `reverse()`, etc.
•python
• Example
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
fruits.append('date')
• Tuples
- Ordered, immutable collections of items.
•python
• Example
point = (10, 20)
•
• Dictionaries
- Unordered, mutable collections of key-value pairs.
•python
• Example
student = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
• Sets
- Unordered collections of unique items.
•python
• Example
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4}
• 5. Functions and Modules
• Functions
- Blocks of code that perform a specific task and can be reused.
- Define using `def`, return values with `return`.
•python
• Example
def add(a, b):
return a + b
• Modules
- Files containing Python code (functions, classes, variables).
- Use `import` to include modules.
•python
• Example
import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) • 4.0
• 6. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Classes and Objects
- Define classes using `class`, create objects (instances) from classes.
•python
• Example
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
p1 = Person("Alice", 30)
• Inheritance
- Derive new classes from existing ones.
•python
• Example
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age, student_id):
super().__init__(name, age)
self.student_id = student_id
• Encapsulation and Polymorphism
- Encapsulation hides the internal state of objects.
- Polymorphism allows different classes to be treated as instances of the same class through inheritance.
• 7. File Handling
• Reading and Writing Files
- Use `open()` to read/write files. Modes: `'r'` (read), `'w'` (write), `'a'` (append), `'b'` (binary).
•python
• Example
with open('example.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")
• 8. Error Handling and Exceptions
• Try-Except Blocks
- Handle errors using `try` and `except`.
•python
• Example
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
• Custom Exceptions
- Create user-defined exceptions by subclassing `Exception`.
•python
• Example
class CustomError(Exception):
pass
try:
raise CustomError("An error occurred")
except CustomError as e:
print(e)
• 9. Libraries and Frameworks
• Popular Libraries
- •NumPy•: Numerical computing
- •Pandas•: Data manipulation and analysis
- •Matplotlib•: Plotting and visualization
- •Requests•: HTTP requests
- •BeautifulSoup•: Web scraping
•python
• Example with NumPy
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(arr * 2)
• Web Frameworks
- •Django•: High-level web framework
- •Flask•: Lightweight web framework
•python
• Example with Flask
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
• 10. Advanced Topics
• Decorators
- Functions that modify the behavior of other functions or methods.
•python
• Example
def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
func()
print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
return wrapper
@my_decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")
say_hello()
• Generators
- Functions that return an iterator using `yield`.
•python
• Example
def generate_numbers():
for i in range(5):
yield i
for num in generate_numbers():
print(num)
• Context Managers
- Manage resources with `with` statements.
•python
• Example
with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
• 11. Real-World Applications
• Data Analysis
- Using `Pandas` for data manipulation.
•python
• Example
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
print(data.head())
• Web Development
- Building web applications with `Flask` or `Django`.
• Automation
- Automating tasks using scripts.
•python
• Example
import os
os.system('echo "Automation script running"')
• Machine Learning
- Applying models using `
scikit-learn`.
•python
• Example
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
model = LinearRegression()
• Assume X and y are defined
model.fit(X, y)
• 12. Resources and Practice
• Online Tutorials
- •Official Python Documentation•: [python.org](https://docs.python.org/3/)
- •Codecademy Python Course•: [Codecademy](https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3)
- •W3Schools Python Tutorial•: [W3Schools](https://www.w3schools.com/python/)
• Books
- "Automate the Boring Stuff with Python" by Al Sweigart
- "Python Crash Course" by Eric Matthes
- "Fluent Python" by Luciano Ramalho
• Practice Platforms
- •LeetCode•: [LeetCode Python](https://leetcode.com/problemset/all/?
difficulty=Easy&difficulty=Medium&difficulty=Hard&tags=python)
- •HackerRank•: [HackerRank Python](https://www.hackerrank.com/domains/tutorials/10-days-of-
python)
- •CodeWars•: [CodeWars Python](https://www.codewars.com/?language=python)
---
