Python Programming
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Modules
• A Python module is a file containing Python definitions and statements.
A module can define functions, classes, and variables.
• A module can also include runnable code. Grouping related code into a
module makes the code easier to understand and use. It also makes the
code logically organized.
❖ Advantages of Modularizing
➢ Simplification: A module often concentrates on one comparatively small
area of the overall problem instead of the full task. We will have a more
manageable design problem to think about if we are only concentrating on
one module. Program development is now simpler and much less vulnerable
to mistakes.
➢ Flexibility: Modules are frequently used to establish conceptual
separations between various problem areas. It is less likely that changes to
one module would influence other portions of the program if modules are
constructed in a fashion that reduces interconnectedness. (We might even
be capable of editing a module despite being familiar with the program
beyond it.) It increases the likelihood that a group of numerous developers
will be able to collaborate on a big project.
➢ Reusability: Functions created in a particular module may be readily
accessed by different sections of the assignment (through a suitably
established api). As a result, duplicate code is no longer necessary.
➢ Scope: Modules often declare a distinct namespace to prevent identifier
clashes in various parts of a program.
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Python Programming
❖ Create a Python Module
Let’s create a simple calc.py in which we define two functions, one add and
another subtract.
Example:
# A simple module, calc.py
def add(x, y):
return (x+y)
def subtract(x, y):
return (x-y)
❖ Import module in Python
We can import the functions, and classes defined in a module to another
module using the import statement in some other Python source file.
Syntax:
import module
Example:
# importing module calc.py
import calc
print(calc.add(10, 2))
Output:
12
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Python Programming
❖ Locating Python Modules
Whenever a module is imported in Python the interpreter looks for several
locations.
First, it will check for the built-in module, if not found then it looks for a list
of directories defined in the sys.path. Python interpreter searches for the
module in the following manner –
➢ First, it searches for the module in the current directory.
➢ If the module isn’t found in the current directory, Python then
searches each directory in the shell variable PYTHONPATH. The
PYTHONPATH is an environment variable, consisting of a list of
directories.
➢ If that also fails python checks the installation-dependent list of
directories configured at the time Python is installed.
❖ Renaming the Python module
We can rename the module while importing it using the keyword.
Syntax:
Import Module_name as Alias_name
Example:
# importing sqrt() and factorial from the
# module math
import math as mt
# if we simply do "import math", then
# math.sqrt(16) and math.factorial()
# are required.
print(mt.sqrt(16))
print(mt.factorial(6))
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Python Programming
Output:
4.0
720
❖ Directories List for Modules
Here, sys.path is a built-in variable within the sys module. It contains a list of
directories that the interpreter will search for the required module.
Example:
# importing sys module
import sys
# importing sys.path
print(sys.path)
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