Python Fundamentals
Python character set: Character set is a set of valid Characters that a language can
recognize.
Letters: A-Z, a-z
Digits: 0-9
Special symbols: Space, + - * / \** () [] {} // + != == < , ? > .’ “ ‘’’ ; : % # _ etc.
Whitespaces: blank space, tab, carriage return, new line
Other characters: python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters
TOKENS IN PYTHON
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as Token.
Tokens in Python are Keywords, identifiers, Literals, Operators, Punctuators
Keywords:
A keyword is a word having special meaning reserved by programming language.
Examples: True, False, None, for, while, if, else, or, elif, break, is, in, with, import
etc.
Identifiers (Names):
Identifiers are the names given to different parts of the program.
Examples: variables, objects, classes, functions, list etc.
Naming rules:
The first character must be a letter or underscore ( _ ).
The digits 0 through 9 can be part of the identifier.
Python is case sensitive as it teats upper and lower case character differently.
An identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
An identifier cannot contain any special character except underscore ( _ ).
Valid identifiers invalid identifiers
Name=”Rahul” 6Name=”Rahul”
_name=”anuj” s.name=”anuj”
Class_sec=”XI F” Class sec=”XI F”
Num1std=”sunil kumar” for=”sunil kumar”
Literals:
Literals are data items that have a fixed/constant value.
Types of Literals:
String Literals
Numeric Literals
Boolean Literals
Special Literal None
String Literals:
A string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes.
Example: ‘ops’, “oxford”
Nongraphic character:
Nongraphic characters are those characters that cannot be typed directly from
keyboard.
Example: newline, tab, carriage return etc.
Nongraphic characters can be represented by using escape sequences. An escape
sequence is represented by backlash (\) followed by characters.
Escape sequences in Python:
\\ - Backslash (\)
\’ -Single quote (‘)
\” -Double quote (“)
\n - New line
\t - Horizontal tab
String type in Python
Single line strings
Multiline strings
>>> s='''ops >>> s=''ops\
ranchi''' Ranchi"
>>> s >>> s
'ops\nranchi' 'opsranchi'
>>> len(s) >>> len(s)
10 9
Numeric Literals
Integer
Floating point
Complex numbers
Integer: Integer Literals are whole number without any fractional part. It may
contain either + or – sign. A number with no sign is assumed to be positive.
Python allows three types of integer literals:
i) Decimal Integer : 25, 200,+30,-157
ii) Octal Integer : A sequence of digits starts with 0o is taken to be an octal
integer. Example:- Decimal integer 23 will be written as 0o27 or 0O27.
iii) Hexadecimal Integer: A sequence of digits starts with 0x is taken to be an
hexadecimal Integer. Example: Decimal int 23 will be written as 0x17 or
0X17
Floating point: Floating literals are also called real literals. Floating literals are
numbers having fractional parts.
Fractional form : 30.5, -50.5, 0.25
Exponent form:
A real literal in Exponent form consists of two parts: mantissa and exponent
Example: 7.5=0.75x101=0.75E01,
Complex numbers: python represents complex numbers in the form A+Bj, python
uses j or J in place of traditional i.
X=0+5.5j Y=2.3+5j
print(x)=5.5j print(y)= (2.3+5j)
x.real=0.0 y.real=2.3
x.imag=5.5 y.imag=5.0
Boolean Literals: True or False
Special Literal: None
Operators:
Operators are tokens that trigger some computation/ action when applied to variables and
other objects in an expression.
Unary operators: the operators that act on one operand are referred to as unary
operators.
Unary+, and Unary –
Example: 4, -4, -3.5
Binary operators: operators that act upon two operands are referred to as Binary
operators.
Arithmetic operators:+ - * / % // **
Example: 3+3= 6, 3*3= 9, 5-2= 3, 5/2= 2.5, 2**2=4, 2**2**3=256, (2**2)**3=64
5//2= 2, -5//2= -3, 14%3= 2, -14%-3= -2, 14%-3= -1, -14%3= 1
Relational operators: < <= > >= != ==
Examples: 5<6-True, 5==8- False , 4!=3- True, 5>=3- True
Assignment operators:=, /=, +=, **=
Example: a=5, (a=a+5 or a+=5)
Identity operators: is is not
Examples:
>>>A=5 >>>A=5 >>>A=5 >>>A=”ops”
>>>B=6 >>>B=5 >>>B=5 >>>B=”ops”
>>>A is B >>>A is B >>>A is not B >>>A is B
False True False True
Logical Operators: and or not
Examples:
>>> 5 and 6 >>> 5 or 6 >>> 5 or 6 and 0 >>> not 5
6 5 5 False
>>> 0 and 5 >>> 0 and 5 >>> 0 and 5 or 2 >>> not (0 and 2 or 0)
0 5 2 True
Truth value (False): 0, 0.0, 0j, False, None, ‘’, *+, ,-, ()
Bitwise operators: & | ^ (xor) ~ complemets
Examples:
>>> 10 & 12 >>> 10 | 12 >>> 10 ^12 >>> ~12
8 14 6 -13
>>> 20 & 10 >>> 20 | 10 >>> 20 ^ 10 >>> ~20
0 30 30 -21
Membership operators: in not in
Examples:
>>> "s" in "school" >>> "s" not in "school" >>> "S" not in "school"
True False True
>>> "p" in "school" >>> "p" not in "school" >>> "P" not in "school"
False True False
Punctuators:
Punctuators are symbols that used in programming languages to organize sentence
structure, statement, program structure etc.
Examples:
# \( )*+ ,-: = ‘“
