Java Learning Notes
1. Basics of Programming
- Syntax: Java programs start with a class definition and contain a main method to run the code.
Example:
```java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
```
- Variables: Used to store data.
Example:
```java
int age = 25;
String name = "John";
```
- Data Types: Java has primitive data types like int, float, char, etc., and reference types like String.
- Comments: Use `//` for single-line comments, and `/* ... */` for multi-line comments.
2. Input and Output
- Taking Input: Using Scanner class for user input.
Example:
```java
import java.util.Scanner;
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
String name = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
```
- Displaying Output: Using `System.out.println()` to print output.
3. Operators
- Arithmetic Operators: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`.
Example:
```java
int a = 5, b = 3;
int sum = a + b; // sum is 8
```
- Relational Operators: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=`.
- Logical Operators: `&&`, `||`, `!`.
- Assignment Operators: `=`, `+=`, `-=`.
4. Conditional Statements
- If Statements: Used to execute code conditionally.
Example:
```java
int age = 18;
if (age >= 18) {
System.out.println("You are an adult.");
} else {
System.out.println("You are a minor.");
```
5. Looping Structures
- For Loop: Repeats code a set number of times.
Example:
```java
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
```
- While Loop: Repeats code based on a condition.
Example:
```java
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
i++;
```
6. Functions and Methods
- Defining Functions: Functions in Java are created with `public`, `static`, and `void` keywords (in simple cases).
Example:
```java
public static void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
```
- Calling Functions:
Example:
```java
greet();
```
- Return Values: Methods can return values of specified data types.
7. Data Structures
- Arrays: Used to store multiple values of the same type.
Example:
```java
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println(numbers[0]);
```
- ArrayList (from java.util package): Dynamic arrays.
Example:
```java
import java.util.ArrayList;
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("Hello");
System.out.println(list.get(0));
```
