SQL Commands
Commands are essential for managing databases effectively.
These commands are divided into categories such as
1) Data Definition Language (DDL),
2) Data Manipulation Language (DML),
3) Data Control Language (DCL),
4) Data Query Language (DQL),
5) Transaction Control Language (TCL)
SQL commands are extensively used to interact with databases
DDL (Data Definition Language)
DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands that can
be used to define the database schema.
DDL is a set of SQL commands used to create, modify, and delete database
structures but not data.
Command Description Syntax
Create database or its objects CREATE TABLE table_name
CREATE (table, index, function, views, (column1 data_type, column2
store procedure, and triggers) data_type, ...);
Delete objects from the
DROP DROP TABLE table_name;
database
Alter the structure of the ALTER TABLE table_name ADD
ALTER COLUMN column_name data_type;
database
Remove all records from a
table, including all spaces
TRUNCATE TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
allocated for the records are
removed
Add comments to the data COMMENT 'comment_text' ON
COMMENT TABLE table_name;
dictionary
Rename an object existing in RENAME TABLE old_table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;
the database
1) CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE Example
CREATE TABLE Employee (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Department VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
CREATE TABLE Customer(
CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Country VARCHAR(50),
Age INT CHECK (Age >= 0 AND Age <= 99),
Phone int(10)
);
2) SQL ALTER TABLE Examples
ALTER TABLE Student ADD
(AGE number(3),COURSE varchar(40));
ALTER TABLE Student
MODIFY COURSE varchar(20);
ALTER TABLE Student
DROP COLUMN COURSE;
ALTER TABLE Student RENAME TO Student_Details;
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
mmand Description Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,
Insert data into a column2, ...) VALUES (value1,
INSERT
table value2, ...);
Update existing data UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1,
UPDATE column2 = value2 WHERE condition;
within a table
Delete records from
DELETE DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
a database table
INSERT INTO Customer (CustomerID, CustomerName, LastName, Country, Age, Phone)
VALUES (1, 'Shubham', 'Thakur', 'India','23','123456'),
(2, 'Aman ', 'Chopra', 'Australia','21','654321'),
(3, 'Naveen', 'Tulasi', 'Sri lanka','24','789456'),
(4, 'Aditya', 'Arpan', 'Austria','21','654987'),
(5, 'Nishant. Salchichas S.A.', 'Jain', 'Spain','22','147852');
INSERT INTO Employee(EmployeeID,FirstName,LastName, Department,
Salary) values
(1,'Shubham','Patil','CSE',80000),(9,'Shubham','Patil','CSE',80000),(2,'Shan','Mane','CSE',85000),
(3,'Neha','More','ENTC',70000),(4,'Supriya','Patil','Mech',70000),(5,'Sanjay','Rathod','Mech',8000
0),(6,'Abhijit','Patil','Mech',75000),(7,'Dhanajay','Thorat','Civil',80000),(8,'Vivek','Pakmode','Ent
c',80000)
CREATE DATABASE StudentDB;
USE StudentDB;
CREATE TABLE Student (
ROLL_NO INT PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR(50),
ADDRESS VARCHAR(100),
PHONE VARCHAR(15),
AGE INT
);
INSERT INTO Student (ROLL_NO, NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE, AGE) VALUES
(1, 'Ram', 'Delhi', 'XXXXXXXXXX', 18),
(2, 'Ramesh', 'Gurgaon', 'XXXXXXXXXX', 18),
(3, 'Sujit', 'Rohtak', 'XXXXXXXXXX', 20),
(4, 'Suresh', 'Rohtak', 'XXXXXXXXXX', 18);
SELECT * FROM Student;
Update:
CREATE TABLE Customer(
CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Country VARCHAR(50),
Age int(2),
Phone int(10)
);
-- Insert some sample data into the Customers table
INSERT INTO Customer (CustomerID, CustomerName, LastName, Country, Age, Phone)
VALUES (1, 'Shubham', 'Thakur', 'India','23','xxxxxxxxxx'),
(2, 'Aman ', 'Chopra', 'Australia','21','xxxxxxxxxx'),
(3, 'Naveen', 'Tulasi', 'Sri lanka','24','xxxxxxxxxx'),
(4, 'Aditya', 'Arpan', 'Austria','21','xxxxxxxxxx'),
(5, 'Nishant. Salchichas S.A.', 'Jain', 'Spain','22','xxxxxxxxxx');
Select * from Customer;
UPDATE Customer SET CustomerName = 'Nitin' WHERE Age = 22;
UPDATE Customer SET CustomerName = 'Satyam',
Country = 'USA' WHERE CustomerID = 1;
SQL TRANSACTIONS
START TRANSACTION;
SAVEPOINT A
Rollback to A;
SQL COUNT(), AVG() and SUM() Function
Select count(CustomerName) from Customer
Select avg(AGE) from Customer
String Operation
select * from Employee where FirstName like 'S%';
select * from Employee order by salary asc;
select FirstName from Employee where salary between 70000 and
75000;
String Operations
1 ASCII SELECT Country, ASCII(Country) AS ASCII_code_of_column FROM
Customer;
2. CHAR_LENGTH String Function
SELECT CHAR_LENGTH(LastName) as Alias_Name FROM Customer;
3. CHARACTER_LENGTH String Function
SELECT CHARACTER_LENGTH(LastName) as Alias_Name FROM Customer;
4. CONCAT String Function
SELECT CONCAT(CustomerName, LastName) AS Name FROM Customer;
5. FIND_IN_SET String Function
SELECT FIND_IN_SET('Delhi','Mumbai,Goa,Banglore,Delhi,Kolkata');
6. FORMAT String Function:
SELECT Salary, FORMAT(Salary, 'C') AS Currency_Salary FROM Employee;
SQL Date Functions
SELECT NOW () AS Current_Date_Time;
SELECT CURDATE() AS CurrentDate;
SELECT CURTIME() AS CurrentTime;
DATE_ADD()
SELECT DATE_ADD("2021-10-24", INTERVAL 15 DAY) AS NEW_DATE;
SQL Joins (Inner, Left, Right and Full Join)
select * from Customer join Employee on Customer.CustomerID =
Employee.EmployeeID;
