Java Programming Concepts
1. Variables and Data Types
- Variables: Storage locations in memory where data can be stored.
- Data Types: Defines the type of data a variable can hold (e.g., int, float, char, boolean).
2. Control Flow Statements
- Conditionals: if, else if, else, and switch control execution flow.
- Loops: for, while, and do-while for repeating actions based on conditions.
3. Methods
- Methods are blocks of code that perform specific tasks. They can take parameters and return
values.
- Method Overloading: Same method name with different parameters.
- Method Overriding: Subclass provides a specific implementation of a superclass method.
4. Classes and Objects
- Class: Blueprint for creating objects, defining attributes and behaviors.
- Object: An instance of a class.
- Constructor: Special methods to initialize objects during creation.
5. Inheritance
- Allows a subclass to inherit fields and methods from a superclass.
6. Polymorphism
- Method Overloading: Same method name but different parameters.
- Method Overriding: Subclass-specific implementation of a superclass method.
7. Encapsulation
- Hides internal state and allows access only through methods. Controlled using access modifiers
like private, protected, and public.
8. Abstraction
- Hides implementation details while showing essential features.
- Abstract Classes: Can have abstract and concrete methods.
- Interfaces: Contracts for classes to implement abstract methods.
9. Interfaces and Abstract Classes
- Interface: Defines a contract with abstract methods for classes.
- Abstract Class: Contains abstract and concrete methods.
10. Exception Handling
- Manages runtime errors with try, catch, and finally blocks.
- Checked Exceptions: Must be caught or declared.
- Unchecked Exceptions: Do not require explicit handling.
11. Collections Framework
- List: Ordered collections (e.g., ArrayList).
- Set: Unordered collections with unique elements (e.g., HashSet).
- Map: Key-value pair collections (e.g., HashMap).
12. Multithreading
- Threads allow concurrent execution of code.
- Synchronization manages resource access in concurrent programming.
13. Java Memory Model
- Heap: Memory for dynamic allocation.
- Stack: Memory for method execution and local variables.
- Garbage Collection: Automatically reclaims unused memory.
14. Java API and Libraries
- Rich libraries for I/O, networking, database connectivity, etc.
15. Lambda Expressions and Functional Interfaces (Java 8+)
- Enables concise code for filtering and mapping.
- Functional Interfaces have a single abstract method.
16. Streams API (Java 8+)
- Processes sequences of data in a functional style (e.g., map, filter, reduce).
17. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
- The engine that runs Java bytecode, providing platform independence.
18. Java Development Tools
- IDEs like IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse.
- JDK: Includes tools to compile and run Java programs.