Unit 1 Introduction on to Python Programming Language: Why and for What Python?
Program execu
on Process, Built- in Data Types, Variables, Strings and String methods, Numbers, Basic Input, Output
and command line input, String forma ng, Pythonliterals, Operators: Arithme c, Comparison,
Assignment, Logical, Bitwise, Membership, and Iden ty, Comments, Indenta on, First Python
program, Styling Python code. Condi onal Statements- If, If-else, Nested If-else, Itera ve Statement –
For, While, Nested Loops, Control statements – Break, Con nue, Pass.
Introduction to Python Programming
Python is a high-level, interpreted, dynamically typed, and general-purpose programming language.
It was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.
Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn & Readable – Uses simple English-like syntax.
2. Interpreted – No need for compilation, executed line by line.
3. Cross-Platform – Runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
4. Extensive Libraries – Includes built-in modules for data science, machine learning, web
development, etc.
5. Open Source & Free – No licensing costs.
6. Dynamically Typed – No need to declare variable types.
7. Object-Oriented – Supports OOP principles.
Python Program Execution Process
Steps:
1. Write the Python script (.py file).
2. Interpretation by Python Interpreter:
o Converts the source code into bytecode.
o Bytecode is sent to the Python Virtual Machine (PVM).
o PVM executes the code.
📌 Example:
python
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print("Hello, World!")
💡 Run using:
nginx
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python filename.py
Built-in Data Types in Python
1. Numeric Types
int (Integer) → 10, -5
float (Decimal) → 3.14, -2.5
complex (Imaginary) → 2 + 3j
📌 Example:
python
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a = 10 # int
b = 3.14 # float
c = 2 + 3j # complex
print(type(a), type(b), type(c))
2. Sequence Types
str (String) → "Hello"
list (Ordered, Mutable) → [1, 2, 3]
tuple (Ordered, Immutable) → (1, 2, 3)
📌 Example:
python
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s = "Python"
l = [1, 2, 3]
t = (4, 5, 6)
print(type(s), type(l), type(t))
3. Set Types
set (Unordered, Unique) → {1, 2, 3}
frozenset (Immutable Set) → frozenset({1, 2, 3})
4. Mapping Type
dict (Key-Value pairs) → {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
Variables in Python
No need to declare type.
Variable names are case-sensitive.
📌 Example:
python
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name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(name, age)
Strings and String Methods
String Methods:
Method Description
upper() Converts to uppercase
lower() Converts to lowercase
strip() Removes whitespace
replace(a, b) Replaces a with b
split() Splits string into a list
📌 Example:
python
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text = " Hello Python "
print(text.upper()) # " HELLO PYTHON "
print(text.strip()) # "Hello Python"
Numbers
Basic Arithmetic Operations
📌 Example:
python
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a, b = 10, 3
print(a + b) # Addition
print(a - b) # Subtraction
print(a * b) # Multiplication
print(a / b) # Division
print(a // b) # Floor division
print(a % b) # Modulus
print(a ** b) # Exponentiation
Basic Input & Output
Taking User Input
📌 Example:
python
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name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)
Command-Line Input
Run a Python file from the terminal:
nginx
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python script.py arg1 arg2
Use sys.argv to access arguments.
String Formatting
Different Formatting Methods
📌 Example:
python
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name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.") # f-string
Python Literals
Numeric Literals: 10, 3.14
String Literals: "Hello"
Boolean Literals: True, False
Special Literal: None
📌 Example:
python
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x = None
print(type(x)) # <class 'NoneType'>
Operators in Python
Type Operators
Arithmetic + - * / // % **
Comparison == != > < >= <=
Assignment = += -= *= /=
Logical and or not
Bitwise `&
Membership in, not in
Identity is, is not
📌 Example:
python
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x = 10
y = 20
print(x > y and y > 5) # False
print(x in [10, 20, 30]) # True
Comments and Indentation
Comments
Single-line comment: # This is a comment
Multi-line comment:
python
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"""
This is a
multi-line comment
"""
Indentation
Python uses indentation instead of {}.
📌 Example:
python
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if True:
print("Indented block")
First Python Program
📌 Example:
python
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print("Hello, World!")
Styling Python Code
Follow PEP 8 guidelines:
Use snake_case for variable names.
Indentation: 4 spaces per level.
Keep line length ≤79 characters.
Conditional Statements
📌 Example:
python
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x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
elif x == 5:
print("x is 5")
else:
print("x is less than 5")
Loops in Python
For Loop
📌 Example:
python
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for i in range(5):
print(i)
While Loop
📌 Example:
python
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x=5
while x > 0:
print(x)
x -= 1
Nested Loops
📌 Example:
python
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for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
print(i, j)
Control Statements
Break Statement
📌 Example:
python
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for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)
Continue Statement
📌 Example:
python
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for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)
Pass Statement
📌 Example:
python
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for i in range(5):
pass # Placeholder for future code
Func ons: How func ons communicate with their environment? Returning a result from func on,
Types of func on, func on crea on, types of func on crea on, calling, passing parameters, Func on
Scopes ,types of Arguments passed in func on, Lamda Func on. List: Basic List opera ons, Indexing,
Slicing, organizing a list, Built-in func ons of list, Working with list and a part of a list, Condi onal
Execu on, Boolean Expressions, Condi onal Statements with Lists, List Comprehension Expression,
While and For Loop,Itera ons, Documenta on Interlude. Tuple: defini on, Crea on, accessing, dele on,
Itera on, conver ng between list and tuple.
Functions in Python
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.
1. Function Communication
Functions communicate with their environment in two ways:
1. Passing arguments (input)
2. Returning values (output)
📌 Example:
python
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def greet(name): # Function receives input
return f"Hello, {name}!" # Function returns output
message = greet("Alice")
print(message) # Output: Hello, Alice!
2. Returning a Result from a Function
Use return to send a result back.
Functions without return return None.
📌 Example:
python
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def add(a, b):
return a + b
result = add(5, 3)
print(result) # Output: 8
📌 Returning Multiple Values:
python
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def get_person():
return "Alice", 25 # Returns a tuple
name, age = get_person()
print(name, age) # Output: Alice 25
3. Types of Functions
1. Built-in functions: print(), len(), sum()
2. User-defined functions: Created by the user.
3. Recursive functions: A function that calls itself.
4. Lambda functions: Anonymous functions (one-liners).
5. Higher-order functions: Functions that take other functions as arguments.
4. Function Creation & Calling
📌 Defining and Calling a Function:
python
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def square(n):
return n * n
print(square(4)) # Output: 16
5. Types of Arguments in Functions
a) Positional Arguments
Arguments passed in the correct order.
python
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def info(name, age):
print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")
info("Alice", 25)
b) Default Arguments
Default values if no argument is given.
python
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def greet(name="Guest"):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!
greet("Bob") # Output: Hello, Bob!
c) Keyword Arguments
Pass values using parameter names.
python
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def person(name, age):
print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")
person(age=30, name="Alice")
d) Variable-Length Arguments
i) *args (Multiple Positional Arguments)
python
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def add(*numbers):
return sum(numbers)
print(add(1, 2, 3, 4)) # Output: 10
ii) **kwargs (Multiple Keyword Arguments)
python
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def info(**details):
for key, value in details.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
info(name="Alice", age=25, city="NY")
6. Function Scope
a) Local Scope
Variables inside a function.
python
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def example():
x = 10 # Local variable
print(x)
example()
# print(x) # Error: x is not defined outside function
b) Global Scope
Variables outside functions.
python
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x = 10 # Global variable
def example():
print(x) # Accessing global variable
example()
c) global Keyword
Modify global variables inside a function.
python
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x = 10
def modify():
global x
x += 5
modify()
print(x) # Output: 15
7. Lambda Functions (Anonymous Functions)
A one-line function using lambda.
📌 Example:
python
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square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(4)) # Output: 16
📌 Multiple Arguments:
python
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add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 5)) # Output: 8
Lists in Python
Lists are ordered, mutable, and can store heterogeneous elements.
📌 Creating a List:
python
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my_list = [1, 2, 3, "Python", 4.5]
1. Basic List Operations
python
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l = [10, 20, 30]
l.append(40) # Add item
l.remove(20) # Remove item
l.insert(1, 25) # Insert item at index
print(l) # Output: [10, 25, 30, 40]
2. Indexing & Slicing
📌 Accessing Elements:
python
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l = [10, 20, 30, 40]
print(l[1]) # Output: 20
print(l[-1]) # Output: 40
📌 Slicing:
python
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print(l[1:3]) # Output: [20, 30]
print(l[:2]) # Output: [10, 20]
print(l[::2]) # Output: [10, 30]
3. List Comprehension
📌 Example:
python
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squares = [x*x for x in range(5)]
print(squares) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
4. Iteration Over Lists
Using for Loop
python
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for item in [1, 2, 3]:
print(item)
Using while Loop
python
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i=0
l = [10, 20, 30]
while i < len(l):
print(l[i])
i += 1
5. Built-in List Functions
Function Description
len(l) Length of list
max(l) Maximum value
min(l) Minimum value
sum(l) Sum of elements
sorted(l) Sorts the list
📌 Example:
python
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l = [3, 1, 4, 2]
print(sorted(l)) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Tuples in Python
Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences.
📌 Creating a Tuple:
python
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t = (1, 2, 3, "Python")
print(type(t)) # Output: <class 'tuple'>
1. Accessing Tuple Elements
python
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print(t[1]) # Output: 2
print(t[-1]) # Output: Python
2. Iterating Through a Tuple
python
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for item in t:
print(item)
3. Converting Between List and Tuple
📌 Tuple → List:
python
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t = (1, 2, 3)
l = list(t)
📌 List → Tuple:
python
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l = [1, 2, 3]
t = tuple(l)
Summary
Functions: Communication, return values, argument types, lambda functions.
Lists: Indexing, slicing, iteration, list comprehension.
Tuples: Immutable, accessing, iteration, conversion.
