stack-overflow-developer-survey-2019
f=format string
, will give space automatically and + will not give any space
Escape Sequence
String Methods
From multiple string it capitalize only 1st character
From multiple string it capitalize each String 1st character
Both output is :
Function in Python
Conditional Statement
If,elif,else keyword
Match Keyword
Loops in Python
While Loop
For Loop
List
Dictionary
//Only Keys get Printed
None Keyword and List of Dictionary
o/p ###
###
###
Exception Handling
else block get only executed when try block executed successfully
All three are correct
pass keyword is used to pass or not doing any thing after catching the code
raise Keyword
Module or Library (We have to import it)
● random module
It generate the number between 1,10
statistic Library
Command-line argument
sys module
sys.argv
sys.exit
slices
Packages
pyPI (python Package Index) contains all the packages
pip is come with python used to install package
● cowsays package
Using pip install package_name : we can install package in the machine
pip install cowsay : It install package cowsay in the machine
Will print cow
Will print trex
APIs
requests package
pip install requests
JSON : Java Script Object Notation
-> python fileName.py Name_of_Singer
https://itunes.apple.com/search?entity=song&limit=50&term=shreya
Keyword
-> python second.py David
o/p :: hello David
__name__ will set __main__ only when we will call its file name where it present
If we are importing it in another file and executing other file name then __name__ is not
set to __main__ therefore the it will not call main() method
PEP 8 Python Enhancement Proposal
For Style Guide insall tool pylint or pycodestyle or black
pip install pylint
pip install black
And run command like
To formatting the code run the following command
black name.py
Unit Test in Python
● Assert
here square() is a function
● Pytest
pip install pytest and import pytest
We have to run using command like
pytest test_fname.py
Function should return some value for comparison so we can test
open Keyword
Create File if not present and open the file name.txt in
“w” write format //erase and write the file
“a” append format // append to the file
“r” to read the file
with Keyword
It automatically close the file we don’t need to close it explicitly
OR rstrip() is used to remove \n from the string
To get Sorted
In Ascending Order , Store in File and Print it
In Reverse Order , Store in File and Print it
For only printing from the file
Comma Seperated Value
student.csv
Unpacking the List
For Dictionary
Improving the above code and sorting it
Here I can’t sort it because students is a list and it contains dictionary and each having 2 keys
Inside dictionary name we have to pass Key name quotes ‘-‘ or “-”
Key : is used to give the way that in which way we have to sort it
Above code is sorting using key name in reverse order
Lambda Function
csv Library
Giving Column and Row Name
Here we can replace switch the position value
Reading it using DictReader
As it returning the Dict so we can write it like
Writing and Reading the file
pil library
Import sys
from PIL import Image
regexes Expression
Here @. Is also valid so we have to improve it
Here [email protected] is also valid so we have to improve it
re library
For Email ex [email protected]
.+@.+ //s@a —>malan@harward
..*@..* //b@a —>malan@harward
r is used for raw string to remove the \n like extra meaning function
Improving above code
Here s@@@d.edu is also correct ->improving it
Here .edu@something still getting pass and not showing any error
^ Start with any character
[^@]Should not contain this set of character
+@ Need @ symbol
[^@] Should not contain this set of character
\.edu$ edu should present at the end of the line
\w :shows the word character
_.EDU if capital then if will not work here we can directly make it lowercase white taking it as
input
And flags are
Here [email protected] is showing wrong as we can have multiple . dot
All types of email work this time
Made for user entering lastname comma firstname ex deshmukh, sanket or sanket deshmukh
o/p hello sanket
:= Assing and comparison //Walrus Operator
So we can write above code as
Que: Get twitter username from user
For getting twitter user
re.search(---)
https://twitter.com/sanketdeshmukh
\
Object Oriented Programming
Tuple : Tuple is immutable therefore we can call its value by indexing created using ( )
Tuple is not support item assignment/imutable so we can not change its value
after assign
List : Tuple is mutable therefore we can call its value by indexing created using [ ]
List support item assignment/mutable so we can change its value after assign
We can not change the value of Tuple
We can change the value of List
Dictionary : Dictionary are mutable so we can call its value use its keys
We can change the value of key in Dictionary
Classes and Object
Classes are mutable but we can make it immutable
. . . Says that developer is working Student work
Methods
_ _ init_ _ ( ) Method are special method which influence the value of variable
Its also called as Dunder Method / Instance Method
raise Keyword
If user enter the space instead of name
_ _ methods _ _
1. _ _ init _ _
2. _ _name_ _ = _ _main_ _
3. _ _str _ _
_ _str _ _ Method to print object from its referrence as it printing only the Memory reference
It take only one argument that is self
properties : Its an property used to control the flow of class i.e getter and setter
Decorators :
@property :- getter
@instanceVariableName.setter
When we try to assing the instance variable value then it internally called the setter method
In the following code the setter, getter name are same so we have to give identical name to
instance variable inside the getter and setter so we are using the _ operator to avoid error
(Not Understud) Learn IT Again
class Student:
def __init__(self,name,house):
if not name:
raise ValueError
self.name=name
self.house=house
def __str__(self):
return f"{self.name} is from {self.house}"
@property
def name(self):
return self._name
@name.setter
def name(self,name):
if not name:
raise ValueError("Missing name")
self._name=name
@property
def house(self):
return self._house
@house.setter
def house(self, house):
if house not in
["Griffindor","Hufflepuff","Ravenclaw","Slytherin"]:
raise ValueError("Invalid House")
self._house=house
def main():
student=get_student()
print(student)
def get_student():
name=input("Name : ")
house=input("House : ")
return Student(name,house)
if __name__=="__main__":
main()
class int(x, base=10)
class str(object=’ ‘)
str.lower()
str.strip([chars])
class list([iterable])
list.append(x)
class dict( _ _ _ )
print(type(50)) # <class ‘int’>
print(type(“Hello”) #<class ‘str’>
print(type([])) #<class ‘list’>
print(type(list())) #<class ‘list’>
print(type({})) #<class ‘dict’>
print(type(dict())) #<class ‘dict’>
Class Methods / Properties
@classmethod : Its is not instance method it is class method
For Instance Method self is a mandatory argument
Static Method
@staticmethod property
Above code is for instance variable
Follwing code is using the class method sort()
One more example with cls ans @classmethod
Inheritance
Method Overloading
object.__add__(self, others)
Set : No duplicate and sorted
global variable: We can read the global variable can not change it value
To modify the value of global variable we have to write
global variable_name
To modify the global variable
Using OOPs
constants : variable value that should not changed
We should write constant in CAPITAL language
We can change its value whenever we want but as it is capital so we its a constant and
we should not change
types hints
pip install mypy
mypy program is used to check that we are using correct assignment i.e we should not assing
string to int variable
After writing program we should run the following command
mypy program_name.py
Then execute/run the code
And you can use annotation to find error quickly using mypy
-> used to tell the return value of function None->It is not returning any thing
-> str # we are telling program that it is returning str
It is example of operator overloading
docstring :
“““ —””” Use to automate the documentation Here we use 3rd party tool to generate the
document like pdf
Command Line Argument
Single - for single character
Double -- for multiple character or string
-n says that the value of n is 3
argparse #ArgumentParser
Always run python program eding with -h //help
Unpacking
With List
To unpact it we have to pass it like *variable_Name for list
With Dictionary
For Dictionary we have to pass it as **
It passes value like
We can pass default value as shown in above picture if we are passing default value then we
can skip that argument as default value is present
*args : Takes variable no of positional argument ,
**kwargs : optional/ Named parameter
Positional (100, 50, 25)
Positional (100, 50, 25, 5)
It print value in the dictionary format
example
Map
map(function, iterable, …)
list comprehensions
filter
For sorting it
Dictionary Comprehensions
We can achieve this using following code as well
Now Using Dictionary Comprehensions
Enumerate
enumerate(iterable, start=0)
Can achieve this using
Generator : If program is not able to run due to large program data then we have to use
generator and yield
As it is generating large no. of data so it is not getting run.
yield is used to tell return every single value that is generating
Here it is generating one row and returning it and our for loop is not getting stop
Yield is returning iterator
_ concept
You have to learn
● String Function
● Maths Fuction
● Datatypes
● Csv library
