Cheatsheets / Learn JavaScript
Introduction
Assignment Operators
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand let number = 100;
based on the value of its right operand. Here are some of
them:
+= addition assignment // Both statements will add 10
-= subtraction assignment number = number + 10;
*= multiplication assignment number += 10;
/= division assignment
console.log(number);
// Prints: 120
String Interpolation
String interpolation is the process of evaluating string literals let age = 7;
containing one or more placeholders (expressions, variables,
etc).
It can be performed using template literals: text // String concatenation
${expression} text . 'Tommy is ' + age + ' years old.';
// String interpolation
`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;
Variables
Variables are used whenever there’s a need to store a piece const currency = '$';
of data. A variable contains data that can be used in the
let userIncome = 85000;
program elsewhere. Using variables also ensures code re-
usability since it can be used to replace the same value in
multiple places. console.log(currency + userIncome + ' is more
than the average income.');
// Prints: $85000 is more than the average
income.
Undefined
undefined is a primitive JavaScript value that represents var a;
lack of defined value. Variables that are declared but not
initialized to a value will have the value undefined .
console.log(a);
// Prints: undefined
Learn Javascript: Variables
A variable is a container for data that is stored in computer // Examples of variables
memory. It is referenced by a descriptive name that a
let name = "Tammy";
programmer can call to assign a specific value and retrieve it.
const found = false;
var age = 3;
console.log(name, found, age);
// Prints: Tammy false 3
Declaring Variables
To declare a variable in JavaScript, any of these three var age;
keywords can be used along with a variable name:
let weight;
var is used in pre-ES6 versions of JavaScript.
let is the preferred way to declare a variable when it const numberOfFingers = 20;
can be reassigned.
const is the preferred way to declare a variable with
a constant value.
Template Literals
Template literals are strings that allow embedded expressions, let name = "Codecademy";
${expression} . While regular strings use single ' or double
console.log(`Hello, ${name}`);
" quotes, template literals use backticks instead.
// Prints: Hello, Codecademy
console.log(`Billy is ${6+8} years old.`);
// Prints: Billy is 14 years old.
let Keyword
let creates a local variable in JavaScript & can be re- let count;
assigned. Initialization during the declaration of a let
console.log(count); // Prints: undefined
variable is optional. A let variable will contain undefined if
nothing is assigned to it. count = 10;
console.log(count); // Prints: 10
const Keyword
A constant variable can be declared using the keyword const numberOfColumns = 4;
const . It must have an assignment. Any attempt of re-
numberOfColumns = 8;
assigning a const variable will result in JavaScript runtime
error. // TypeError: Assignment to constant
variable.
String Concatenation
In JavaScript, multiple strings can be concatenated together let service = 'credit card';
using the + operator. In the example, multiple strings and
let month = 'May 30th';
variables containing string values have been concatenated.
After execution of the code block, the displayText variable let displayText = 'Your ' + service + ' bill
will contain the concatenated string. is due on ' + month + '.';
console.log(displayText);
// Prints: Your credit card bill is due on
May 30th.
console.log()
The console.log() method is used to log or print messages console.log('Hi there!');
to the console. It can also be used to print objects and other
// Prints: Hi there!
info.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a programming language that powers the
dynamic behavior on most websites. Alongside HTML and
CSS, it is a core technology that makes the web run.
Methods
Methods return information about an object, and are called // Returns a number between 0 and 1
by appending an instance with a period . , the method name,
Math.random();
and parentheses.
Built-in Objects
Built-in objects contain methods that can be called by Math.random();
appending the object name with a period . , the method
name, and a set of parentheses.
// ☝️ Math is the built-in object
Numbers
Numbers are a primitive data type. They include the set of all let amount = 6;
integers and floating point numbers.
let price = 4.99;
String .length
The .length property of a string returns the number of let message = 'good nite';
characters that make up the string.
console.log(message.length);
// Prints: 9
console.log('howdy'.length);
// Prints: 5
Data Instances
When a new piece of data is introduced into a JavaScript
program, the program keeps track of it in an instance of that
data type. An instance is an individual case of a data type.
Booleans
Booleans are a primitive data type. They can be either true let lateToWork = true;
or false .
Math.random()
The Math.random() method returns a floating-point, console.log(Math.random());
random number in the range from 0 (inclusive) up to but not
// Prints: 0 - 0.9999999999999999
including 1.
Math.floor()
The Math.floor() function returns the largest integer less console.log(Math.floor(5.95));
than or equal to the given number.
// Prints: 5
Single Line Comments
In JavaScript, single-line comments are created with two // This line will denote a comment
consecutive forward slashes // .
Null
Null is a primitive data type. It represents the intentional let x = null;
absence of value. In code, it is represented as null .
Strings
Strings are a primitive data type. They are any grouping of let single = 'Wheres my bandit hat?';
characters (letters, spaces, numbers, or symbols) surrounded
let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";
by single quotes ' or double quotes " .
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports arithmetic operators for: // Addition
+ addition
5 + 5
- subtraction
* multiplication // Subtraction
/ division 10 - 5
% modulo // Multiplication
5 * 10
// Division
10 / 5
// Modulo
10 % 5
Multi-line Comments
In JavaScript, multi-line comments are created by /*
surrounding the lines with /* at the beginning and */ at the
The below configuration must be
end. Comments are good ways for a variety of reasons like
explaining a code block or indicating some hints, etc. changed before deployment.
*/
let baseUrl = 'localhost/taxwebapp/country';
Remainder / Modulo Operator
The remainder operator, sometimes called modulo, returns // calculates # of weeks in a year, rounds
the number that remains after the right-hand number divides
down to nearest integer
into the left-hand number as many times as it evenly can.
const weeksInYear = Math.floor(365/7);
// calcuates the number of days left over
after 365 is divded by 7
const daysLeftOver = 365 % 7 ;
console.log("A year has " + weeksInYear + "
weeks and " + daysLeftOver + " days");
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