JAVA
PROGRAMMING
BASIC
CSC 238 – Object Oriented Programming
HISTORY OF JAVA
Initially designed at Sun Microsystems by James
Gosling in 1991 as a language that was embedded in
consumer electronic items. The language was named
as OAK.
In 1993, the growth of internet phenomena, OAK was
adapted into internet to create dynamic and
interactive web pages.
Sun created web browser named HotJava was
programmed using OAK language called JAVA.
JAVA not only used for web application but also as a
general purpose programming language
Why JAVA?
Characteristics of JAVA
No Characteristic Description
1. Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
simplified and improved
2. Dynamic Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
environment. New code can be loaded on the fly
without recompilation.
3. Object Oriented programming in Java is centered on creating
objects, manipulating objects, and making
objects work together.
4. Distributed involves several computers working together on
a network. Java is designed to make distributed
computing easy.
5. Interpreted Java programs are compiled into the Java
Virtual Machine code called bytecode, and it is
machine independent.
No Characteristi Description
c
6. Robust Reliability because it puts a lot of emphasis on early
checking for possible errors. Java has a runtime
exception-handling feature to provide programming
support for robustness.
7. Secure As an Internet programming language, Java is used
in a networked and distributed environment. Java
implements several security mechanisms to protect
your system against harm caused by stray program.
8. Portable Java is architecture neutral. It can run in any
platform without being recompiled. The Java
environment is portable to new hardware and
operating systems
9. Performance Java’s performance is sometimes criticized
compared to C++. Because Java is interpreted, the
bytecode is not directly executed by the system, but
is run through the interpreter.
10. Multithread a program’s capability to perform several tasks
simultaneously.
C++ and JAVA
Executing C++
Program :
Program in PC
myProg. C++ Machine
Compiler language
cpp
for PC
Source Program in
C++ SUN
File Compiler Machine
for SUN language
C++ Program in MAC
Compiler for Machine
language
MAC
Executing JAVA
Program :
myProg.jav JAVA JAVA
myProg.clas
a Compli Interpret
s
er er
Source File
(Java JVM/JRE
Library
Program)
files
The compiled program is
in the form of bytecode –
the same for all machines
C++ VS JAVA
Feature C++ Java
1. Design goals To design a distributed For programming
OS consumer device
2. Designer Bjarne Stroustrup. James Gosling
AT&T Bell Labs in 1979 et.al.
Sun Microsystems
3. Language Hybrid OO = structured in
OO1990
paradigm only
paradigm + OO
4. Prior language Syntax based on C. Syntax based on
influence Efficient styles based on C++, approach
Simula67 based on
Smalltalk
5. Strengths A high performance and
Cross-platform
powerful language compatibility
6. Compilation Compilation-based – like Compiled +
most language Interpreted based
C++ source file -> Java source file ->
binary file (*.exe) Java bytecode ->
JVM to execute
7. Architecture- Platform-dependent Platform-
neutral and binary code cannot be independent
portability executed on a difference bytecode can run
machine on any machine
supporting JVM
8. Simplicity More complex – pointer, Simpler
– no
operator overloading pointer, no
and etc. overloading and
etc.
9. About 1~20 times faster
Much slower than
Performance than equivalent JAVA C++, but good
code enough to run
interactively for
most application.
1 Was not designed for Originally designed
0. Robustness robustness for writing highly
reliable or robust
software.
1 Security Memory is handled at Byte-code is
1. compile-time by verified at run-
compiler time to ensure
security
restrictions are not
violated.
Memory layout is
handled at run-
1 Networking Not a network-capable time
A by JVM.
network-capable
2. language.
language.
Network programming : Network
harder programming:
easier.
1 Multi-threaded Single-threaded – rely Multi-treaded
3. (concurrent on external libraries for language –
programming) multithreading provides native
multithreading
support.
Identifiers
Identifier is a name given to variable,
constant and method name other than
reserved word
It can be alphabet, numeric, underscore(_)
or dollar sign ($)
The name must begin with alphabet,
underscore(_) or dollar sign($)
It is case sensitive
Cannot be JAVA reserved word
Example valid identifier name :
total
_total
$total
total5
JAVA Reserved Word
abstract continue goto package synchronized
assert default if private this
Boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
Data Types
Primitive data types
◦ Simple data types, also referred to as built-in types
◦ Different category
Boolean type – boolean
Integral type – byte, int, long, char
Floating type – float, double
Reference data type
◦ Either with a class, array or interface
◦ Refers to object
◦ Different category
Class types – such as String
Array types
Interface types
Constant data types
◦ Declare using keyword final
eg. final double PI = 3.142;
◦ Constant declared inside a class using the keyword static
eg. static final double PI = 3.142;
String
Stringclass is part of java.lang
package which is automatically
included during compilation
Some operation used in String class
◦ toUpperCase()
◦ toLowerCase()
◦ length()
◦ charAt()
◦ substring()
◦ replace()
Example of String
operation
String name;
name = “Abraham Lincoln”;
name = name.toUpperCase(); //ABRAHAM LINCOLN
name = name.toLowerCase(); //abraham lincoln
int x = name.length(); //return the how many characters
=15
name = name.charAt(2); //return a character in position 2
Name = name.substring(5); //return the whole word
starting position 5
// = ham Lincoln
Name = name.substring(5, 3) //return the word of length
3 starting
// from position 5 = ham
**position in a string always starts with 0
Control Structure
Selection structure
◦ Make decision – branching statement
◦ Similar to C++
if statement
if…else statement
Nested if statement
switch statement
Iteration structure
◦ Repetition – similar to C++
for statement
while statement
do…while statement
Nested loop
break and continue
Array
An array is a collection of data
value
An array is an indexed value of the
same type
Array of primitive data types
◦ Declaration
datatype variablename []; or datatype []
variablename;
◦ Array creation
eg. variablename = new dataype[size of array];
example
double[] rainfall; //declare an array
rainfall = new double[12]; //create array
Packages
Consist of one or more individual classes
that are stored in the same directory.
Those classes packaged are usually related
in providing similar objects and methods
it facilitates software reuse by allowing
programs to import classes from other
packages libraries to be shared by many
users
For example to use PrintStream class in
contained in java.io package, you need to
include keyword import in front of the
package name
import java.io.*;
Then you can use the print() and println() method provided by the
PrintStream class
Input Statement
Using I/O console
◦ Using Scanner class
◦ Create a Scanner object by passing an
input stream to the constructor
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
◦ You can use these method to read the data
from the keyboard :
Integer data value = nextInt()
Decimal data value = nextDouble();
String data value = next();
◦ Example :
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
int num = s.nextInt();
String name = s.next();
Using dialog box
◦ You need to use javax.swing.JOptionPane package
◦ The method used is showInputDialog, and it has
String parameter which is a message displayed on the
monitor.
◦ The method returns String value if user enters a value
and null value if user cancels the input
◦ The String value can be converted to numeric by the
used of these method
Integer = Integer.parseInt()
Double = Double.parseDouble()
Foat = Float.parseFloat()
◦ Example
import javax.swing.*;
--
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, “Enter
an integer number “);
int num = Integer.parseInt();
Output Statement
Using I/O Console
◦ By using System.out object through
the method print() or println()
◦ Example
int total = 4 +5;
System.out.print(“The total is “);
System.out.println(total);
System.out.println(“The total is “ + total);
Using dialog box
◦ You need to use javax.swing.JOptionPane package
◦ The method used is showMessageDialog, and it has
String parameter which is a message displayed on
the monitor screen.
◦ Example
import javax.swing.*;
--
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,”Hello World!”);
String s1 = “JAVA is fun”;
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, s1);
