SQL FUNCTION

By:
Neeraj Namdev
PGT(CS)
JNV Pathnamthitta
 SQL Functions

A function is a predefined set of commands that

performs specific task or operation on data
returns a value.
SQL functions are also set of command which are
applied on relations to perform a operation.
The MySql functions broadly divided into two
categories.
Single Row functions (Scalar functions) Multiple
Row functions (group or aggregate functions)
 Single Row Functions
• The single row functions work with each row at a
time and return one result per row or you can say that
a relation have n number of rows than it will return n
number of values.
e.g.
• Maths functions
• String functions
• Date & Time functions
 Multiple Row Functions
The Multiple row functions work with more than one
row at a time and return one result or you can say that
a relation have n number of rows than it will return
aggregate values.
e.g.
• aggregate functions (Min(), Max(), Avg(), Count(),
Sum())
 Maths functions
Mathematical functions are also called number
functions that take numeric value as a input and
return numeric value as a output.

Mathematical functions are…

• Round()
• Trunc()
• Mod()
• Power()
 Round()
The ROUND() function rounds a number to a
specified number of decimal places.

• ROUND(number, decimals)
 Truncate()
MySQL TRUNCATE() returns a number after truncated
to certain decimal places. The number and the
number of decimal places are specified as arguments
of the TRUNCATE function.
 Mod()
MySQL MOD() returns the remainder of a number
divided by another number. This function also works
on fractional values and returns the exact remainder.
The function returns NULL when the value of divisor
is 0.
Example :
 Power()

MySQL POWER() returns the value of a number

raised to the power of another number.
The synonym of POWER() is POW()
POWER( m, n )
M Numeric value. It is the base used in the
calculation.
N Numeric value. It is the exponent used in the
calculation.
Example :
 String functions
String functions that take string as a input and return String/Numeric
value as a output depend on function.
Functions are…
• UCASE ()/UPPER (),
• LCASE ()/LOWER (),
• MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR (),
• LENGTH (),
• LEFT (),
• RIGHT (),
• INSTR (),
• LTRIM (),
• RTRIM (),
• TRIM ().
 UCASE ()/UPPER ()

Returns the string with all characters changed to

uppercase according to the current character set
mapping.
 LCASE ()/LOWER ()

Returns the string with all characters changed to

lowercase according to the current character set
mapping.
 MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR ()
• The forms of function (without a len argument) return a
substring from string str starting at position pos upto last
character of string str.
• The forms of function (with a len argument) return a substring
of length len characters long from string str, starting at
position pos.
• (It is also possible to use a negative value for pos. In this case,
the beginning of the substring is pos characters from the end
of the string, rather than the beginning. A negative value may
be used for pos in any of the forms of this function).
• SUBSTRING(str,pos) [SUBSTRING(str FROM pos)]
• SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)[SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)]
Example:
 INSTR ()
Returns the position of the first occurrence(position)
of substring substr in string str and if substring is not
a part of string than return 0.
 Length()
Returns the length of the string str, measured in bytes.
A multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes.
 Left()
Returns the leftmost len characters from the string str,
or NULL if any argument is NULL.
 Right()
Returns the rightmost len characters from the string
str, or NULL if any argument is NULL.
 Ltrim()
LTRIM() removes the leading space characters of
a string passed as an argument. A string whose
leading space characters are to be removed.
 Rtrim()
RTRIM() removes the trailing space characters of
a string passed as an argument. A string whose
trailing space characters are to be removed.
 Trim()
Returns the string str with all remstr prefixes or
suffixes removed. If none of the specifies BOTH,
LEADING, or TRAILING is given, BOTH is
assumed.
 Ascii()

Returns the numeric value of the leftmost character of

the string str. Returns 0 if str is the empty string.
Returns NULL if str is NULL. ASCII() works for
characters with numeric values from 0 to 255.
Example:
 CHAR()
CHAR() interprets each argument N as an integer and
returns a string consisting of the characters given by
the code values of those integers. NULL values are
skipped.
 Date and Time Functions

Date functions operate on values of the DATE and TIME data type:
Function are….
• Curdate()
• Day()
• Date()
• Month()
• Year()
• Dayname()
• Monthname()
• Dayofweek()
• Dayofmonth()
• Dayofyear()
• Sysdate()
• Now()
 Curdate()

In MySQL the CURDATE() returns the current date in

'YYYY-MM-DD' format or 'YYYYMMDD' format depending
on whether numeric or string is used in the function.
 Day()

MySQL DAY() returns the day of the month for a specified

date. The day returned will be within the range of 1 to 31.
 Date()
MySQL DATE() returns the DATE part out from a
datetime expression.
 Month()
MySQL MONTH() returns the MONTH for the date within a
range of 1 to 12 ( January to December). It Returns 0 when
MONTH part for the date is 0.
 YEAR()
MySQL YEAR() returns the year for a given date.
The return value is in the range of 1000 to 9999 or 0
for 'zero' date.
 Dayname()

MySQL DAYNAME() returns the name of the week

day of a date specified in the argument.
 Monthname()
MySQL MONTHNAME() returns the full name of
the month for a given date. The return value is within
the range of 1 to 12 ( January to December). It
Returns NULL when month part for the date is 0 or
more than 12.
 Dayofweek()

MySQL DAYOFWEEK() returns the week day

number (1 for Sunday,2 for Monday …… 7 for
Saturday ) for a date specified as argument.
 Dayofmonth()

MySQL DAYOFMONTH() returns the day of the month for a

given date. The day returned will be within the range of 1 to
31. If the date is ‘0000-00-00’, the function will return 0. The
DAY() is the synonym of DAYOFMONTH().
 Dayofyear()

MySQL DAYOFYEAR() returns day of the year for a

date. The return value is within the range of 1 to 366.
 Sysdate()

MySQL SYSDATE() returns the current date and

time in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS or
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. format depending on the
context of the function.
 Now()
MySQL NOW() returns the value of current date and time in
‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS’ format or
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. format depending on the context
(numeric or string) of the function.
 Difference b/w
Now() & Sysdate()
 Aggregate functions

An aggregate function performs a calculation

on multiple values and returns a single value.
Functions are…
• Min()
• Max()
• Avg()
• Count()
• Sum()
 Table used
for Aggregate function
 Min()

Return the lowest value (minimum) in a set of

non-NULL values.
 Max()
Return the highest value (maximum) in a set of non-
NULL values.
 Avg()
Return the average of non-NULL values.
 Sum()
Return the summation of all non-NULL values
a set.
 Count()
Return the number of rows in a group, including rows
with NULL values. But when we apply on single
value it will not consider null values.
Thanks