2
Department of Electronics Engineering
Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology
Aligarh Muslim University
Certificate
This is to certify that this project entitled “ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Network”
as a project for Final year Electronics Engineering in the partial fulfillment of
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
Engineering. I declare that the above work is their own work, to the fullest of my
knowledge, carried out under my guidance and supervision.
Prof. Athar Ali Moinuddin
Department of Electronics Engineering
Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India)

3
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude & indebtedness to our
supervisor, Prof. Athar Ali Moinuddin, Department of Electronics Engineering,
AMU, Aligarh. Working under his able guidance and supervision has been a great
experience for us for without his motivation and support we would not have been able
to achieve what we have accomplished till now.
We are grateful to Prof. Mohd Hasan, Chairman Department of Electronics
Engineering for he provided us the facilities and project funds required for the
project.
Also we would like to thank our parents, elders & friends for their cooperation &
support.
Special mention to AMURoboclub, which has been an institution in itself, where
innovations dwell and develop.
We would also like to praise The Almighty God for showering his blessings on us
throughout.
Date: 22nd April’16
Anand Agrawal Shilpi Varshney

4
CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT 5
1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………… 6-10
1.1 BACKGROUND………………………………………………………….. 7-8
1.2 MOTIVATION…………………………………………………………… 9
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………………………………………. 10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………………. 11-21
2.1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) ………………………………… 12-13
2.2 ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY …………………………………………………. 14
2.3 ZIGBEE ALLIANCE……………………………………………………... 15
2.4 ZIGBEE PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE……………………………………. 15-18
2.5 ZIGBEE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES……………………………………….. 19
2.6 ZIGBEE DEVICE TYPE………………………………………………….. 20-21
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF ZIGBEE BASED WSN………………………………….. 22-27
3.1 MODULAR CLASSIFICATION…………………………………………… 23
3.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION……………………………………………… 24-25
3.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION………………………………………………. 26-27
4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………….. 28-40
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION……………………………………………………… 29-34
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS………………………………………………. 35-40
4.3 LIMITATIONS & CHALLENGES………………………………………… 41

5
4.4 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………... 42-43
5. FUTURE SCOPE………………………………………………………………. 44-45
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………… 46
REFERENCES

ZIGBEE BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK 6
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become indispensable to the realization of smart
homes. The objective of our project is to develop such a WSN that can be used to
construct smart home systems for security and monitoring purposes. The focus is on the
design and implementation of the wireless sensor node and the coordinator based on
ZigBee technology. Nowadays, smart home using wireless communication is replacing
the wired system which was very messy and difficult to setup. However, the existing
wireless smart home system only can cover up to a certain range of area that is limited by
the range of wireless module being used. ZigBee technology offers a multi-hop
communication capability for data transfer which infact will provide large range of
communication. Prototype systems of home security and automation are built utilizing
ZigBee based sensor network to present an insight for its practical implementation in
smart home concept. In this, we present a smart security system comprises of ZigBee,
GSM, Sensors and Smartphone for Security monitoring and control, when the user is at
remote premises.

List of Figures
Figure 1 The wireless Landscape
Figure 2 Block diagram of the Prototype
Figure 3 WSN Architecture
Figure 4 Protocol Architecture of ZigBee
Figure 5 ZigBee Network Topologies
Figure 6 ZigBee Device Types
Figure 7 Modular Classification of Project
Figure 8 Tabular Representation of Sensors
Figure 9 Components used in the project Implementation
Figure 10 Arduino IDE
Figure 11 XCTU Configuration
Figure 12 XBEE Coordinator Node
Figure 13 Arduino Code to extract sensor data at Coordinator Node.
Figure 14.1 Power Supply 5V/3V
Figure 14.2 LDR Sensor
Figure 14.3 Coordinator Node
Figure 14.4 Sensor Node
Figure 14.5 Multiple Sensors Node
Figure 14.6 Tera Term Terminal Configuration
Figure 14.7 Tera Term AT Commands Terminal Progress
Figure 15 Arduino Code for Software Serial Library
Figure 16.1 Arduino Code for Interfacing Multiple Sensors
Figure 16.2 Packet Received at Coordinator Corresponding to Sensor Variations
Figure 16.3 Extracted Information from packet received at Coordinator Node
Figure 16.4 Packet Received Corresponding to multiple Sensor Variations
Figure 16.5 Real time Frame Packet Received from Multiple Sensors Node
Figure 16.6 Extracted Information from Received Packet
Figure 16.7 User received SMS through GSM SIM900 Modem.
Figure 17 Tabular Representation of Pros and cons of Network Topologies
Figure 18 Project Market and Applications

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Wireless technologies have been developing rapidly in these years. The obvious
advantage of wireless transmission is a significant reduction and simplification in wiring
system. Many communication technologies, such as IrDA, Bluetooth and ZigBee,
GSM/GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), etc., have been developed for different
situations. Nowadays, a kind of real time systems in which multiple sensors connected
simultaneously to one gateway unit become necessary, and they are transformed into
wireless sensor networks (WSNs).Currently, there are various wireless technologies
available, for instance Bluetooth, Infrared (IR), ZigBee, Radio Frequency (RF) etc.
Radio frequency (RF) module is a wireless device that basically works on either 415 MHz
or 315 MHz frequency. Basically, the module doesn't contain any protocol and it will
broadcast the signal with no security included. RF only supports star topology and the
wireless range can cover up to 100 meters. Bluetooth is a wireless technology that had
been introduced 10 years ago for short-range communication. Bluetooth technology is
developed to be used in Personal Area Network (PAN) network for low power
communication between devices such as phones, personal computers (PC), Personal
Digital Assistance (PDA), etc. The range for Bluetooth wireless device can be up to 10
meters with 2.5mW (4dBm) power consumption. Bluetooth operates in unlicensed
Industrial Scientific-Medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz with the capability of frequency
hopping and it only supports star topology communication.[1]
ZigBee is a protocol that had been developed based on Open System Interconnection
(OSI) layer model. It builds on IEEE standard 802.15.4 which defines the physical and
Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. ZigBee supports three types of communication
topologies; star topology, tree topology and mesh topology. ZigBee wireless device
operates with very-low power consumption which makes it the most attractive wireless
device to use in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). ZigBee has multi-hop communication
capability, hence providing an unlimited range of communication. Under smart home

environment, numerous sensors; i.e. motion detectors, smoke detectors, water leakage
detectors and etc., and communication devices can be utilized for connection throughout
the house, capable of monitoring and detecting the physical events. The input from these
sensors can be used to alert the owner of any unauthorized intrusion or control home
appliances such as lightings. Thus, maintaining seamless connectivity between devices
and the main controller is very crucial. A lost connectivity can jeopardize the security of
the home. It is also an important factor to ensure the devices being used operate in very-
low power consumption so that they would last longer.
Aimed at control and sensor applications, ZigBee promises robust and reliable, and self-
configuring networks that provide a simple, cost-effective and battery efficient
application. These allow the technology to take advantage of short-range wireless
protocol, flexible mesh networking, strong security tools, well-defined application
frameworks, and a complete interoperability. Therefore, in this project, ZigBee wireless
modules from Digi International are chosen to be used for establishing communication
between all devices (sensor nodes) in the house with the main controller.
Choice of ZigBee as per our desired application can also be gauged by the following
figure of range versus transmission rate.[2]
Fig. 1 The Wireless Landscape

1.2 Motivation
Over the years, several security measures have been employed to combat the menace of
insecurity of lives and property. Conventional security systems keep homeowners, and
their property, safe from intruders. A smart home security system, however, offers many
more benefits.
Our homes (from a Smart Home perspective) are still quite primitive. Especially when
compared to the sophistication of new cars with all the features that one could wish for a
Smart Home: from central door locking to opening/closing windows, energy management/
control including heating/air conditioning and automated sunshades, etc. Why are our cars
so smart and our homes so dumb?
So, here comes the solution!
This is a low cost wireless GSM based home security system incorporating the latest
secure technology ZigBee as a wireless medium in addition with the ideal choice of
sensors.
Traditionally, the monitoring system has only buzzer or CCTV, where CCTV records
every minute of the day, which is not required, and is a waste of resource. Our system
consists of a GSM based home monitoring system which sends SMS on occurrence of
interrupt. The goal of this project is to utilize the after-market parts and build an integrated
home security system. Besides traditional magnetic switch equipped on doors and
windows, we are also incorporating temperature sensor, smoke detectors, and motion
sensor. Hence the security system will sound an alert when there is an attempt of break-in
or if there is possible smoke or fire.
The reason for using ZigBee, instead of other prevailing wireless technologies is its low
cost, less power consumption, safety and reliability. Also, ZigBee has many methods for
making sure that the network is kept secure. It has 148-bit AES link encryption, making it
virtually impossible to casually listen in to any exchange.

1.3 Problem Statement
The aim of the project is to develop a wireless sensor network which can be used for
low data rate applications. The focus is on the design and implementation of the
wireless sensor node and the coordinator based on ZigBee technology, which could
further be deployed in a security & monitoring application.
Block diagram to implement the same is as shown below-
Fig. 2 Block diagram of the prototype

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2 Literature Review
2.1 Wireless Sensor Network
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an ad-hoc network involving a spatially distributed
autonomous system that are capable with the help of sensors to monitor physical or
environmental situations, such as current, temperature, pressure, and they cooperatively
transmit the data to the main location of the application. These types of sensors have both
data processing and communication capabilities and are deployed both in outdoors and
indoors applications like; security and battlefield surveillance, industrial monitoring and
controls, machine health monitoring, traffic control and personal health monitoring.
The WSN is made up of many tiny low power devices from several hundred to thousands
called "nodes" where each of the nodes is associated to one or several sensors in the
network by communicating with each other directly or through other nodes. Each of the
sensor nodes consists of a radio transceiver with an antenna, a microcontroller, which is a
circuit for interfacing with the sensors and a battery source. Different resource constraints
lead to the cost of a node and size, result in corresponding energy constraints,
communication's bandwidth, memory and computational speed of sensor nodes. WSN
topology can be a star network or multi-hop wireless mesh topology. The hops network
can also have different propagation technique as flooding or routing. Figure 3 shows
typical Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) with nodes transmitting data packets to a
control node, called the coordinator. [3]

Figure 3: A Typical Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture
A typical WSN have the following characteristics:
They have large number of nodes.
A typical WSN node has the ability to withstand harsh operating conditions.
It has the ability to contain node failures.
Ease of deployment.
In typical WSN, there is power consumption constraints for nodes using energy
harvesting or batteries.
Node heterogeneity.
They are data centric; which means that the communication be targeted to the nodes in a
given location or with defined data content.

2.2 ZigBee Technology
Before having a detailed description of ZigBee technology, it is important to know IEEE
802.15.4 basics as ZigBee relies on its protocols. IEEE 802.15.4 is the proposed standard
for low rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on low
cost of deployment, low complexity and low power consumption. IEEE devices are
designed to support the physical and data link layer protocols and ZigBee defines the
higher layer communication protocols built on IEEE 802.15.4 standards. ZigBee
specification has network layer and the application layer and some where it has the
security services too. It is different from other approaches, like Wi-Fi that offers more
bandwidth and consumes more power. The prominence is on low cost communication
between the nearby devices having no infrastructure, aims to utilize this low power
consumption. In IEEE 802.15.4, there are two basic types on network topologies, the star
topology and the peer-to-peer topology. Devices in LR-WPAN and can be classified as
full function devices (FFDs) and reduced function devices (RFDs). One device is
designated as the PAN coordinator, which is responsible for maintaining the network and
managing other devices. A FFD has the capability of becoming a PAN coordinator or
associating with an existing PAN coordinator. A RFD can only send or receive data from
a PAN coordinator that it associates with. Each device in IEEE 802.15.4 has a unique 64-
bit long address. After associating to a coordinator, a device will be assigned a 16-bit
short address. Then packet exchanges between the coordinator and devices will use short
addresses. [4]
ZigBee is a wireless technology developed by ZigBee Alliance as an open global standard
to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks. The
standard takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification and
operates in unlicensed bands worldwide at the following frequencies: 2.400-2.484 GHz,
902-928 MHz and 868.0-868.6 MHz The ZigBee used in this project is XBee ZigBee
Module from Digi International®. It can send data up to 30m and it has low power
consumption (1mW for transmitting data). ZigBee network layer supports peer-to-peer,
cluster trees and generics mesh network topologies. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard, defines
both the "Medium Access Control layer (MAC)" and "the physical layer" while ZigBee is

built upon these two layers. Thus, both standards complete the communication protocol
stack which defined WSN. XBee works in 2.4 GHz frequency and offers three modes of
operation; AT mode, Application Programming Interface (API) mode and API with
Escape (ESC) character mode. API operation is chosen to be used in this project due to
several reasons. Firstly, it can transmit data to multiple destinations without having to
enter the command mode. Secondly, it can identify the source address of each packet and
thirdly, it will receive update on the transmission status whether it is successful or fail.
2.3 ZigBee Alliance
ZigBee is organized under the control of the organization called ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee
alliance is an organization of companies working together to define an open global
standard for making low power wireless networks. The intentional outcome of ZigBee
alliance is to make a description that defines how to build altered network topologies with
features of data security and interpretable application profiles. This organization has more
than 150 members out of which seven are the promoter. A big challenge for the ZigBee
alliance is to make the interoperability to work among different products. For solving this
problem, ZigBee Alliance has defined profiles which depend on the category of the
product to which it belongs to. For e.g. there is a profile called the home lightning which
defines how altered brands of home lightning-products should communicate to each
other. [5]
.
2.4 Protocol Architecture of ZigBee
Figure 4 shows the protocol architecture of ZigBee. The IEEE standard defines the
characteristics of PHY and MAC layers. ZigBee builds upon IEEE 802.15.4 standard
defines the network layer specifications and provides a framework for application
programming at the application layer. ZigBee follows the standard OSI (Open system
Interconnection) reference model. Protocol stack of ZigBee has a layered structure. The
first two layers, PHY (physical) and MAC (media access) are defined in the standard

IEEE 802.15.4 as shown in the figure. The layers above to the physical and MAC are
defined by the organization called ZigBee Alliance. [6]
A. Physical Layer: The physical layer of the standard IEEE 802.15.4 is the nearest
to the hardware, that controls and communicates directly with the radio
transceiver. It controls all tasks like access to the ZigBee hardware, initializing the
hardware, selection of channel, energy detection measurement, link quality
estimation and clear channel assessment to assist the channel selection. Next in
the upward direction there is the Media access control that is MAC layer.
B. Medium Access Control: MAC layer is an interface between the physical and
The network layer. The function of MAC layer is to generate beacons and
synchronize the devices to the beacon signal, in a network which is beacon
enabled. It also performs the connect and disconnect function. The IEEE 802.15.4
MAC has defined four types of frame structures: A beacon frame which is used by
a coordinator to transfer beacons. The beacon frame awakes the client devices,
which hear for their address and sleep again when they receive it. A data frame is
used for all transmissions of data. The data frame provides up to 104 bytes of
payload. An acknowledgment frame is used to confirm successful reception of
frame. It sends feedback from receiver to the sender and confirms that the packet
has received without any error. A MAC command frame is used to handle all
MAC peer operation control transfers. MAC command frame provides a method
for remote control and layout of client nodes. MAC layer provides collision
avoidance mechanism and is responsible for validating frames, frame delivery,
network interface and secure services.

Fig. 4 Protocol Architecture of ZigBee
C. Network Layer: This layer provides routing functions to the network to enable
data packets route between devices (milt-hops) from the source to destination.
Both the discovering and storage of neighbour information on routing tables is
done at this layer, and also maintaining the routes between these devices. The
network layer of a ZigBee coordinator is responsible for assigning 16-bit network
address to new devices joining the network.
D. Application Layer: The ZigBee application layer is the top-level layer which
consists of sub-layers viz; the application support sub-layer (APS), the
Application framework (AF), the ZigBee Device Objects (ZDO) and the

manufacturer defined application objects. The application layer is the interface
between ZigBee and users and the system. The ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) is
responsible for device management and advanced network management, and it
also helps to define the role of the coordinator, router or end device. It initiates
and responds to binding requests and provides address management of the device,
security, discovering new devices on the network and their services. The
application support sub-layer (APS) helps to maintain the binding tables which
define devices and services they can offer. The APS work as a bridge between
network layers, and other components of the application layer.

2.5 ZigBee Network Topologies
ZigBee supports three types of network topologies that are star topology, tree topology
and mesh topologies. Star topology is where a coordinator is surrounded by a group of
end devices or routers. This topology is simple but it has some disadvantages. In the
moment when the coordinator stop functioning the entire network is functionless because
all traffic must travel through the centre of the star. For the same reason the coordinator
will easily be bottleneck to traffic. Then is the Tree topology, a coordinator initializes the
network and is the root of the tree. The coordinator can have routers or end devices
connected to it and for every router; there is a possibility for connection of more child
nodes to each router. Because the message can take only one path so this type of topology
is not the most reliable topology. Mesh topology is the most flexible topology because
message can take multiple paths from source to destination. If a particular router fails the
ZigBee’s self-healing mechanism will allow the network to search for an alternative path
for the message to be passed. Following are the topologies supported by ZigBee: Star
topology, Tree topology and Mesh topology.
Fig. 5 ZigBee Network Topologies

2.6 Types of ZigBee Devices
ZigBee has three types of devices that can participate in building a Wireless Sensor
Network. These are: coordinator, router and end devices.
Fig. 6 ZigBee Device Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)
This is the most capable device type and needs maximum memory as well as high
computing power. Every ZigBee network has only one coordinator. ZC has the following
characteristics-


It stores and maintain network information.
It act as both the repository for security keys and trust centre.
Selects a personal area network identifier (PAN ID) and a channel to run the network.
Permits both the routers and end devices access to join the network
Assist in routing packets and can also be a source or destination for data packets
Does not sleep and help sleeping end device to buffer RF data packets. [6]
ZigBee Router (ZR)
ZigBee router acts as a link between routers by transferring data from other devices.
However, it must have the same PAN ID with the network before it can receive, transmit
or route data. It also stores and maintains network information and uses the information to
know the most efficient route for data packets. After it joined the network, it allows other
end devices and more routers to join the network, when the memory and computing
power improved, it can also function as a coordinator of the network.
ZigBee End Device
ZED has limited functions as compared to router and coordinator, it cannot route data,
and it transmit and receive RF data with the help of the coordinator and router. This
characteristic is done to allow the node to be asleep to prolong the battery life. This node
requires fewer amounts of memory and energy to reduce cost and complexity.

CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION OF ZIGBEE BASED WSN

CHAPTER 3 Implementation Of ZigBee Based WSN
3.1 Modular Classification
In order to make the things look simpler, we have divided the project in four modules as
shown in fig 7. This is how the project is approached stepwise. In first module we have
calibrated different sensors and configured the XBees as Coordinator and router. Next,
sensor data is transmitted from sensor node to coordinator node wirelessly through
XBees. Now, what if more than two sensor node transmit data simultaneously? This is to
be done in third module where multiple XBee communication takes place. Finally, all the
three modules are collaborated together in order to make the system application specific
for security and monitoring. In module 4, we have interfaced GSM modem with
Microcontroller so that any event of intrusion or security breach can be directly reported
to the user instantaneously through SMS.
Fig. 7 Modular Classification

3.2 Hardware Description
Prototype implementation requires various hardware components such as
Microcontrollers, Transceivers, Sensors, GSM Modem and Power Supply etc. Purpose of
each component has been explained below.
Microcontroller: Arduino Uno Development board is used as the main processing unit for
the project. It is used to extract the information from the packet received at Coordinator
Node. [Refer fig 9.1, fig 9.2]
GSM Modem: GSM SIM 900 Modem has been used for providing the facility of alert
SMS in the designed system. In case of any mishappenigs or security breach, owner can
be notified instantaneously and further suitable actions can be taken. [Refer fig 9.3]
Transceiver: XBee S2 Modem has been used to transmit and receive information from
sensor nodes. To interface each XBEE Modem with Microcontroller XBEE SHEILD has
been used, since the pins on XBEE S2 modem are very small to interface directly. XBEE
Explorer has been used to configure each XBEE S2 Modem either as Coordinator, Router
or End Device. [15] [Refer fig 9.4, fig 9.5 and fig 9.6]
Sensors: IR Sensor and TSOP Sensor has been used for detecting any Intrusion by the
device. Various sensors in our prototype model has been integrated based on their
functionality. Some of the sensors are mentioned below in tabular representation along
with their characteristic feature set and purpose along with the example where they can be
used.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [Refer Fig 8, fig 9.7]
Fig 8: Tabular Representation of Sensors along with their purpose of use.

Fig 9.1 GSM SIM 900
Modem
Fig 9.3 ARDUINO MEGAFig 9.2 ARDUINO UNO
Fig 9.4 XBEE EXPLORER Fig 9.5 XBEE SHEILD Fig 9.6 XBEE MODEM S2
LM35 PIR TSOP LDR ACCELEROMETER
Figure 9: Components used for the Prototype
Figure 9.7 Sensors

3.3 Software Description
For Implementation of ZIGBEE Based Wireless Sensor Network, we have mainly used
two Software’s:
1. Arduino IDE
2. XCTU, a GUI By Digi International
Arduino IDE
This software is used for programming the Microcontroller. Embedded C Programming is
done here and finally the code is transferred to flash memory of Arduino Development
Board. Using this software, each received data packet at Coordinator Node has been
monitored. [Refer fig 10]-
Fig 10: Arduino IDE

XCTU
This is a Graphical User Interface by Digi International which allows to set up a common
ID for Personal Area Network. Moreover, this software has been used to configure each
XBee in the network either as a Coordinator, Router and End Device. [Refer fig 11]
Fig 11.1 XBEE Detects Fig 11.2 XBEE Configured
Fig 11 XCTU, GUI by Digi International to Configure XBee(s)

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER 4 Results & Discussion
4.1 Implementation
1. Sensor Calibration and XBee Configuration
We have selected few sensors on the basis of unique purpose of each sensor. All sensors
have been interfaced with Microcontroller and finally threshold of each sensor has been
set up so as to make them application specific. Different sensors that have been
interfaced with Microcontroller are IR Sensor, TSOP Sensor, PIR Sensor, LDR Sensor
etc. Out of which IR Sensor and TSOP sensor have been selected for project
demonstration. In XBee Configuration, we get familiar with XCTU Software. Using
XCTU software, we have established the common ID for our Personal Area Network
and has successfully configure each XBee Modem either as a coordinator, router or end
device. Moreover XCTU has additional features such as to perform a Range test for
each XBee Node, We can use command mode to configure each XBee node and to
recover the XBee after they bricked off. XCTU also allow us to select AT mode or API
mode for communication with other XBees. To achieve higher reliability, we have
configured XBee Coordinator in API mode.
Figure 12 XBEE Coordinator Configuration.

2. Sensors Interfacing with XBee Modem and XBEE Communication
Here, we have connected sensors at DIO pins of XBee Modem so that data can be
collected at sensor Node and can be send to Coordinator Node wirelessly in form of
Packets. At Coordinator Node, XBee modem receives the packet and extracts the useful
information by using Microcontroller. XCTU only allows to configure XBee modem
but doesn’t allow to burn the user written code into it, Therefore sensors that have been
interfaced with XBee modem are simpler in design. To establish a reliable XBee
Communication link, we have configured XBee Coordinator in API mode whereas
other sensor nodes remain into AT mode. Coordinator node is accepting data and hence
configured into API mode whereas Sensor nodes were only sending data and therefore
either AT or API mode can be used for them. This is how, we have established XBee
Communication.
3. MULTIPLE XBEE Communication
Here, we have deployed multiple sensor nodes at different Geographical locations such
that each sensor node send data to Coordinator node (Central System). Through the use
of programming in Microcontroller, useful information such as Source XBee address,
packet data etc. has been extracted from the received packet to differentiate each packet
corresponding to the transmitting sensor node. Also, to avoid the collision and packet
loss we have used different sample rates for each sensor node. Different sample rates
were selected for each XBee in XCTU software. Moreover to improve the
communication link, destination address of Coordinator can be explicitly mentioned in
each Sensor node configuration. [Refer fig 13]

Figure 13 Arduino Code at Coordinator node to extract data received.
Below figures represents the hardware we have managed to use successfully.
Fig 14.1 shows the power supply that has been built using Voltage Regulators 7805 IC
(for 5V) and 7803 IC (for 3V). As Arduino Development board require 5V power
supply and XBee Modem require 3.3V power supply, we intent to build both power
supplies in a single unit.
Fig 14.2 shows the LDR Sensor module that has been soldered manually rather than
purchasing from market so as to reduce the development cost of prototype.
Fig 14.3 shows the Coordinator Node with GSM attached to it. It will act as a Central
System that extract information and performs operation based on the data packets
received via sensor Node. GSM modem has been used to provide an SMS facility to the
user that will inform user instantaneously in case of any security breach or Intrusion.
Fig 14.4 and Fig 14.5 shows the Sensor Node with single and multiple sensors
respectively. Each sensor node collects data using sensors and send it to Coordinator

Node. Sensors such as TSOP sensor, LDR Sensor and IR sensor have been used
together for multiple sensors node.
Fig 14.1 Power Supply 5V/3.3V Fig 14.2 LDR Sensor
Fig 14.3 Coordinator Node Fig 14.4 Sensor Node
COORDINATOR Node
Fig 14.5 Multiple Sensors Node

4. INTERFACING GSM MODEM WITH ARDUINO
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and
operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From
the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
We have used a GSM SIM900 modem which works on a frequency of
850/900/1800/1900 MHz. The purpose of sending and receiving SMS is done using
GSM modem with the help of AT commands (instructions to control a modem).AT
is the abbreviation for Attention. Wireless MODEMs (devices that involve machine
to machine communication) need AT commands to interact with a micro controller.
AT commands are used to access and control the built in modem of the mobile
phone. These AT commands have the format of “AT<x><n>”, where “<x>”is the
command, and “<n>”is/are the argument(s) for that command.
Given below are some of the AT -commands that are used in the proposed system.
ATD 8791xxxxxxx => Call dialling
AT + CMGS => SMS to specific number
AT + CMGD => Delete unauthorized SMS
AT + CMGR => Read authorized SMS
AT + CMEE => To report mobile equipment error
Using Tera term-
Tera term is an open source, free, software implemented, terminal emulator
program which is used to connect GSM. It records the messages passed to and from
the computer or service on the other end of connection. To make sure that our
modem is connected properly or to view our modem’s settings, we can send
commands through Tera term and check the results.
Fig14.6 Tera Term Terminal
Connection
Fig14.7 Tera Term AT Commands
Terminal Progress

Using Software serial library-
Arduino Uno boards have been built up for serial communication on pins 0 and 1,
but we need more serial ports (as per the prototype requirement for XBee and
GSM modem transmission separately). Hence, Software serial is used to allow
serial communication on the other digital pins of boards, using software to
replicate the functionality of the hardwired RX and TX lines.
In our case we have used digital pins 10 and 11 as virtual RX and TX serial lines.
The virtual RX pin is set up to listen for anything coming in on via the main serial
line, and to then echo that data out the virtual TX line. Conversely, anything
received on the virtual RX is sent over the hardware TX.
Fig15 Arduino Code for Software Serial Library

4.2 Experimental Results
1. INTERFACING SENSORS WITH MICROCONTROLLER
We have written C programming code in Arduino IDE and uploaded in
Microcontroller. Fig 16.1 shows the programming for controlling Microcontroller.
In the program, we have set up baud rate for serial communication as 9600. To
display sensor values at serial monitor, we have used ‘Serial.print’ and
‘Serial.println’ commands. Sensors such as PIR Sensor, IR Sensor, LDR Sensor,
TSOP Sensor and Accelerometer sensors are interfaced successfully with
Microcontroller.
Fig16.1 Arduino Code to Interface with Multiple Sensors

2. BASIC XBEE COMMUNICATION
We have connected a sensor at sensor Node [Refer Fig 14.4] and receive the
information at Coordinator Node [Refer Fig 14.3]. Fig 16.2 shows the data packet
received at Coordinator node corresponding to variation detected at sensor node.
Last second byte in the received packet indicates whether any activity detected by
Sensor or not. Receiving ‘10’ in data column indicates Activity detected whereas
receiving ‘0’ in data column indicates no activity. In addition to sensor values (as
indicated in last second column of each data packet), each packet also contains the
information of source address, Digital I/O(s) activated and other parameters.
3. EXTRACTING INFORMATION FROM PACKET
Once we receive the data packet at Coordinator Node, we can program our
Microcontroller to extract useful information. Fig 16.3 corresponds to information
extracted. (Assuming the sensor node has been deployed at the Door). Based on
the sensor values extracted from received packet, we can realize whether any
Security breach has occurred or not.
Fig16.2 Real time Frame Packet Received at Coordinator
Corresponding to Variation Detected by Sensor

Note: Figure 16.3 shows extracted information corresponding to different packet
rather than packet received as indicated in Fig 16.2.
4. MULTIPLE SENSORS NODE
We have connected multiple sensors at Sensor Node [Refer fig 14.5]. Fig 16.4
shows the set of different packets data received at Coordinator Node. Several
different values are present in data column corresponding to activity detected by
different sensors present in sensor node. However in case of no activity, data
information remains zero in data packet
Fig 16.3 Real time Extracted Information from Packet received at
Coordinator Node

5. MULTIPLE XBEE COMMUNICATION
To set up communication between multiple XBees, two sensors nodes can be
deployed different geographical locations.(Door1 and Door2 in prototype
Implementation). Fig 16.5 shows the corresponding data packets received at
Coordinator node. Eight Byte data {highlighted in the middle of packet} indicates
Source Address of Sensor Node. We get two different Source addresses
corresponding to two sensor Nodes [Refer fig 16.5].
Extracting Source Address and data column information will help us to determine
which data packet has been received from which sensor node. [Refer fig 16.6]
Note: Figure 16.6 shows extracted information corresponding to different packet
rather than packet received as indicated in Fig 16.5.
Fig 16.4 Real time Frame Packet Received corresponding to activities
detected by various sensors

Fig 16.5 Real time Frame Packet Received from Multiple Sensors Node
Fig 16.6 Extracted Information from Received Packet

6. GSM IMPLEMENTATION
As can be seen, Software serial library has been used to take into account
multiple serial ports i.e.; at DIO10 and DIO11 of Arduino Uno other than DIO1
and DIO2. Sensor data is being transmitted continuously from different sensor
nodes and if there is any security breach the owner will receive the alert message
via GSM modem. The byte from the API frame which identify the location of
intrusion has been extracted from the packet received. And depending on its
value, serial monitor will show us whether intrusion is at door 1 or door 2. [Refer
fig 16.6]
Now the purpose of sending the message is done with the help of AT commands.
Corresponding AT commands are used to send the data. Finally Users will receive
the alert SMS on their cell phones.
Fig 16.7 User received SMS through GSM SIM900 Modem.

4.3 Limitations and Challenges
Though ZigBee technology is very fascinating and finds its use in nearly all fields where
battery lifetime is prime importance. However, it still have some limitations such as
 Node Size, Capability and Cost
 Low power processor design
 Hardware constraints
 Fault Tolerance
 Single/Multihop communication(shadowing)
 Secure Communication
The advent of ZigBee Alliance for improving the performance of ZigBee will sometime
in future overcome these problems and make ZigBee technology as one of the most
popular technology along with Bluetooth, Wifi etc. In fig 17, we have marked pros and
cons of cons of using ZigBee Technology in Star, Tree or Mesh Network Topologies [4] [9]
Fig 17 Tabular Representation of Pros and cons of Network Topologies

4.4 Project Market and Applications
Application of ZigBee Technology in Wireless Sensor Network includes nearly every
field where low data rate and long battery lifetime is the essential requirement. We have
studied the market scenario for our project and determine various applications where its
implementation can lead to revolutionary improvement in lifestyles of human beings.
Figure 18 shows different market scenario and their applications where ZigBee Based
Wireless Sensor Network can be useful. Out of Several Market where this technology is
useful, some of them are:
 Building and Home Automation
 Healthcare Services
 Telecom Services
 Retail Services
 Smart Energy Profile
 Status monitoring
 ZigBee based multilevel parking vacancy
 Design of intelligent warehouse measure and control system
 Design of greenhouse monitoring and control system
 Residential and commercial utility system.
In figure 18 we have marked different market scenarios and applications in respective
market.

Apart from above mentioned Applications, This technology can also be used in
Environmental Monitoring and Military Applications. [7] [5]
Some of the fields related to Environment Monitoring are:
 Forest fire detection
 Flood detection
 Precision agriculture
 Seismic data collections.
Some of the fields related to Military Applications are:
 Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition
 Battlefield surveillance
 Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
 Battle damage assessment
 Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance
Fig 18 Project Market and Applications

CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE

CHAPTER 5 Future Scope
ZigBee will have a very crucial role in future in making our life’s simpler, some of the
future scopes for this technology are as follows
1. Today, we have Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Technology in our mobile phone, Once,
ZigBee technology gets integrated into phones then all sensors data can directly be
accessible through our mobile phones
2. Nickel Cadmium batteries are one of the oldest battery technology. The new
Lithium Polymer batteries with their very thin form factor are a promising
technology for tomorrow’s long battery devices. Rechargeable batteries using
sustainable energy sources are also an alternate. Sensor nodes can be deployed in
the areas which are inaccessible for humans such that sensor nodes get battery
charged through the use of sustainable resources
3. Battery aware task scheduling method can be applied such that based on the
battery power left with sensor node, work done by sensor node can be prioritized.
4. More functionality can be added to sensor node by adding the concept of Internet
of Things (formerly known as IOT)
5. The industry has developed many aspects of control and monitoring. There have
been developments on wired control and automation technologies. But a FPGA
included with a ZigBee wireless Monitor and Control Authority will be a welcome
innovation in the industries run by automation techniques like Textile,
Automotive Manufacturing etc.

Conclusion
This Project idea when implemented commercially will result in efficient monitoring and
control of industrial automation. Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks
constitute a challenging research area. More energy saving methods are being developed
so that the applications of wireless sensor networks can be further extended to many
fields. There will be immense control and monitoring capabilities once this product is
launched in industries. In future, further development is envisaged that may lead to a
commercially available product. With the communication and network technology
development and quality of life of people on the increasing requirements, you can pre-
see, in the near future, intelligent home will usher in its prosperity and development stage.
Traditional smart home system wired network is to build most of the internal control
home networks, systems and high cost.
In long design cycle, maintenance is not convenient, less adaptable to the development
direction of smart home systems. Therefore, the project proposed that the emerging
ZigBee, the close, low complexity, low power, low data rate, low-cost wireless network
technology, will more and more be used in home. The internal control network has been
formed, and finally the intelligent home demonstration system will be implemented in the
future.

References
1. Mohd Adib B. Sarijari ,Rozeha A. Rashid, Mohd Rozaini Abd Rahim, Nur Hija
Mahalin, Wireless Home Security and Automation System Utilizing ZigBee
based Multi-hop Communication, Proceedings of IEEE 2008 6th National
Conference on Telecommunication Technologies and IEEE 2008 2nd Malaysia
Conference on Photonics,August 2008.
2. Shizhuang Lin, Jingyu Liu and Yanjun Fang, ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor
Networks and Its Applications in Industrial, Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Automation and Logistics August 18 - 21, 2007.
3. Yahaya, F.H., Y.M. Yussoff, R.A. Rahman and N.H. Abidin, "Performance
Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network". 5th IEEE International Colloquium on
Signal Processing & Its Applications, pp: 400-405, 2009.
4. IEEE 802.15.4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
(PHY) specification for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs),
(2006).
5. ZigBee Alliance Official Site, [online].
Available: www.zigbee.org
6. Fabio L.Zucatto, and Clecio A.Biscassi, “ZigBee for Building Control
Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2007 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave
& Optoelectronics Conference, pp. 511–515, 2007.
7. Dae-Man Han and Jae-Hyun Lim, “ Design and Implementation of Smart Home
Energy Management Systems based on ZigBee”, IEEE Transactions on
Consumer Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 3, August 2010

8. Jun Hou, Chengdong Wu, Zhongjia Yuan, Jiyuan Tan, Qiaoqiao Wang, Yun
Zhou- “Research of Intelligent Home Security Surveillance System Based on
ZigBee”, International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology
Application Workshops, 2008 IEEE
9. Khusvinder Gill, Shuang-Hua Yang, Fang Yao, and Xin Lu, “A ZigBee-Based
Home Automation System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.
55, No. 2, MAY 2009.
10. Datasheet: PIR Sensor, Parallax, Inc., v1.2 Revised 02/2007
11. Datasheet: LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors Datasheet, Texas
Instruments, AUGUST 1999–REVISED JANUARY 2015
12. Datasheet: CDS Light Dependent Photoresistors, TOKEN, version 2010
13. Datasheet: Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems Datasheet TSOP
17xx, Vishay Telefunken
14. Manual: PIR Motion Sensor, Adrafruit Learning System, Revised 01/2014
15. Manual: XBee Series 2 OEM RF Modules – Digi International, Product Manual
v1.x.1x - ZigBee Protocol, Revised 06/2007

Project Dissertation - ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Network

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