A Survey on Comparisons of Cryptographic Algorithms Using Certain Parameters in WSN

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 7, No. 4, August 2017, pp. 2232~2240
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i4.pp2232-2240  2232
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE
A Survey on Comparisons of Cryptographic Algorithms Using
Certain Parameters in WSN
Pooja Singh, R.K. Chauhan
Departement of Computer Science and Applications, Kurukshetra University, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 22, 2017
Revised May 31, 2017
Accepted Jun 14, 2017
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have spread its roots in almost every
application. Owing to their scattered nature of sensor nodes, they are more
prone to attacks. There are certain applications e.g. military, where sensor
data‟s confidentiality requirement during transmission is essential.
Cryptography has a vital role for achieving security in WSNs.WSN has
resource constraints like memory size, processing speed and energy
consumption which bounds the applicability of existing cryptographic
algorithms for WSN. Any good security algorithms has higher energy
consumption by the nodes, so it‟s a need to choose most energy-efficient
cryptographic encryption algorithms for WSNs. This paper surveys different
asymmetric algorithms such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman, DSA, ECC, hybrid and
DNA cryptography. These algorithms are compared based on their key size,
strength, weakness, attacks and possible countermeasures in the form of
table.
Keyword:
Cryptographyalgorithms
Decryption
Encryption
Security
Copyright ©2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Pooja,
Departement of Computer Science and Applications,
Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra, 136118, Haryana, India.
Email: poojasingh59@ymail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
WSN consists of hundreds or even thousands of autonomous devices called sensor nodes. The main
components of sensor network are: sensing field, sensor nodes, base station and internet. The main
components of sensor node are: controller, transceiver, power supply, memory and one or more sensors.
These nodes have the sensing, processing and communication capabilities to monitor the real-world
environment. WSNs have the advantage over the traditional networks in terms of scalability, deployment,
applications, robustness, etc. As they are ad-hoc in nature, hence can be deployed in any area like military,
environmental observation, syndrome surveillance, supply chain management, fire detection, vision enabling,
energy automation, building administration, gaming, health and other commercial and home applications [1].
Because of its broad usage in multifarious applications, security becomes the primary issue in WSN.
When we provide security to sensor networks, it is more complicated than that of MANET because of the
resource limitations of sensor nodes. There are some resource constraints such as energy and power supplies,
limited memory, computation and communication capabilities. This is the reason that traditional
cryptographic techniques cannot be applied on sensor networks, hence demand of more security in WSNs
arises. The security requirements in WSN are authentication, confidentiality, availability, integrity and QoS.
These conditions should be met while developing the security algorithm.

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A Survey on Comparisons of Cryptographic Algorithms Using Certain Parameters in WSN (Pooja Singh)
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2. OVERVIEW OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
Cryptography is a Greek word which means to protect the information by converting it into an
unreadable form. By doing so, an unwanted user cannot access information or data. In other words, we
can say that it‟s a technique to hide the data over the communication channel [2]. When sender
transforms the data using some cryptographic techniques and a specific key into other form then it is
known as cipher text and sends it to the receiver. This process is known as Encryption. Receiver receives
the cipher text as input and transforms it back to the plain text with the help of known key. This process
is called Decryption. This process is shown in following Figure 1:
Figure 1. Process of cryptography
The two well-known categories of ciphers are symmetric (or secret) key ciphers and
asymmetric (or public) key ciphers. Both of them uses different and unique mechanisms to achieve
security. Symmetric key cryptography focuses on the structure of simple iterative cryptographic
operations and asymmetric cryptography depends on the difficulty of a mathematical problem [3]. If
network designers‟ priority is energy conservation, then symmetric key ciphers are preferred for use in
the encryption of data transmitted by a sensor node [3]
The traditional cryptographic algorithms cannot be applied on sensor nodes because of their
resource constraints. For these type of networks, key management scheme is best suitable to achieve
security. For secure communication, key must be exchange securely between the nodes before the
exchange of information. The key management is multi-operational technique in which first key is
generated, then this key is distributed and exchanged among the nodes, then used by the sender and
receiver, after successful and secure transfer of information keys are abolished and then refreshed.
Hence, we can say that the main steps in key management scheme are: generation, distributed,
exchanged, used, abolished and refreshed. There are many key management schemes for the WSNs [4].
Based on the encryption algorithms, the key management schemes are categorized into three
types: symmetric key management, asymmetric management and hybrid key management techniques.
Symmetric key (or private key) management scheme uses the same key at both sides i.e. sender and
receiver use the common key for encryption and decryption. This technique is reliable and rapid fast, but
it lacks resilience, scalability and connectivity. The main disadvantage of this scheme is that both parties
should exchange the key securely [4]. Asymmetric key (or public key) management uses two different
keys at both sides.The key used for encryption i.e. on sender side is called as public key and for
decryption i.e. on receiver side is private key. The well-known public key cryptography techniques are:
Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman (RSA), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and
Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography (HECC) [4]. Recently many researchers proved that the public key
cryptography is suitable for resource constrain networks. Both the symmetric and asymmetric schemes
have trade-off between the security and its resources are constraint [4]. The main problem
ofconventional Public key Cryptosystems is that the Key size has to be sufficiently large in order to meet
the high level security requirement, resulting in lower speed and consumption of more bandwidth
[5].The third technique i.e hybrid key technique which is the combination of symmetric and public key
cryptography. It merges the advantages of both schemes.The feasibility of public-key cryptography
(PKC) has been proven [6]. PKC is getting more attention in WSNs due to the reason that it can easily
resolve two fundamental and difficult problems, authentication and symmetric key distribution, with the
help of Digital signature algorithm (DSA) and Diffie-Hellman key exchange [7][8]. Most researches
applied ECC which has much smaller overhead than RSA, but ECC procedures are still heavy to
resource-constrained sensor nodes [9]. ECC is best as compared to RSA [10].

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2234
The paper will now discuss and survey some of the public key cryptography schemes.
3. PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS IN WSN
3.1. RSA Algorithm
RSA is one of the techniques for public key encryption. It was the first algorithm to be developed in
public-key cryptography, and one of the first great achievements in public key encryption. It involves three
steps: [11]
1. Key Generation
2. Encryption
3. Decryption
Phase 1: Key Generation
RSA uses two keys for its process. Encryption is done with receiver‟s public key and decryption is
done with receiver‟s private key. To generate a key, it uses following steps:
1. Choose two distinct and large prime numbers say, P and Q.
2. Calculate N such that, N= P*Q.
3. Calculate z such that, z= (P-1)*(Q-1).
4. Choose public key exponent say, E such that 1 < E < z and E and z share no Divisors other than 1.
5. Determine D which satisfies the congruence relation. E*D = 1 (mod z).
E is divisible by smallest of the series: z+1, 2z+1, 3z+1, 4z+1, …………..so on.
Now, Public Key: (E, N) and Private Key: (D, N).
Phase 2: Encryption
This is the process of converting Plain Text into Cipher Text. This process requires two things: a
key and encryption algorithm. Encryption occurs sender side and it uses the following equation to encrypt a
message; C = M ^ E mod (N), where C is cipher text and M is plain text or message.
Phase 3: Decryption
This is the process of converting Cipher Text into Plain Text. This process require two things:
Decryption algorithm and a key. Decryption occurs receiver side and it uses the following equation to
decrypt a message; M = C ^ D mod (N). Encryption and Decryption processes are shown below in the
Figure 2:
Figure 2. RSA Technique
3.2. Diffie-Hellman Algorithm
It is one of the earliest examples of key exchange implemented in the field of cryptography. The
Diffie–Hellman algorithm allows both parties, which have no prior knowledge of each other, to mutually
establish a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel. Diffie–Hellman key exchange is a
symmetric cryptography because the shared secret key and session key are used for encryption and
decryption [12], [13]. It is used by many protocols, like SSL, Secure Shell, and IPSec. Steps of this algorithm
are as follows [2]:
1. Select two numbers „p‟ (prime number) and „g‟ (base).
2. Select two secret numbers „x‟ for sender and „y‟ for receiver.
3. Calculate public number R1 = g^x mod p, And R2 = g^y mod p.
4. Exchange their public numbers.
5. Computes First session key as Ks, Ks= R2^x mod p.

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6. Computes second session key as Kr, Kr = R1^y mod p
7. Here Ks = Kr = K
Figure 3.Diffie-Hellman algorithm
This algorithm can be explained via diagram as shown in figure 3 above. Sender A and Receiver B
wants to share their secret keys over insecure channel. They are not sharing information, they just share keys.
The main disadvantage in this algorithm is that, man-in-the-middle-attack occurs in this algorithm.
It occurs at the time of exchanging public numbers, i.e. R1 and R2. Intruder modifies the values of R1 and R2
and transfers it to both parties. Due to this reason, session key value comes to be unequal.
3.3. DSA Algorithm
Digital signatures are one of the best tools to implement security. A digital signature is electronic
version of a written signature. It is a public-key cryptographic algorithm [14], which ensures authentication,
authorization and non repudiation [15]. Digital certificate is a digital ID to show identity in the network.
Encryption technology as the core of digital certificates can do encryption and decryption, and digital
signature and signature verification for the information transmitted on the network to ensure confidentiality
integrity and security of the information transmitted online [16].
Digital Signature is implemented by public and private key algorithms and hash functions. It is used
at receiver side for message verification and sender‟s identity. The whole process of digital signature is
shown in Figure 4. Digital signatures may also be generated for stored data and programs so that the integrity
of the data and programs may be verified at any later time [17].
Figure 4. DSA process
Hash function follows some properties, which are given below:
1. Hash function should destroy all homomorphism structures in the underlying public key cryptosystem
(be unable to compute hash value of 2 messages combined given their individual hash values) [18].
2. Hash function should be computed on the entire message [18].
3. Hash function should be a one way function so that messages are not disclosed by their signatures [18].
4. Hash function should be computationally infeasible given a message and its hash value to compute
another message with the same hash value [18].

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This algorithm works on “.doc, .pdf, .txt” and other types of files, and hash function can be used for
dynamic size of data. The term dynamic means, results of hash function depends on size of the data [18] [19].
Applications of Digital signatures are in information security (authentication, data integrity, and non
repudiation), e-commerce, banking, software distribution and in jurisdiction, and to detect forgery or
tampering in data [14].
3.4. ECC Algorithm
This algorithm is mainly depend on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves [10]. ECC includes
three steps in its operation, i.e., key agreement, encryption, and digital signature algorithms [20]. The first
step is key distribution algorithm, which is used to share a secret key, second step is the encryption algorithm
that enables confidential communication, and last is the digital signature algorithm which is used to
authenticate the signer, i.e. sender and validate the integrity of the message [20]. An elliptic curve is a plane
curve should satisfies the following equation [10] and the graph of the equation is shown in Figure 5.
y2
=x3
+ ax + b
ECC is considered best for creating faster, smaller and more efficient keys [21]. ECC offers an
equivalent amount of security for a far smaller key size and hence, it reduces processing and communication
overhead. For example, RSA-1024 is equivalent in strength to ECC-160 [10], second example is RSA-2048
is equivalent to ECC-224 [10] and third example is RSA-3072 is equivalent to ECC-256 [10]. ECC is
considered as best suitable technique for sensor networks which provides a good trade-off between key size
and security [10]. It offers the maximum security with smaller bit key sizes that is why it consumes less
power [21] and hence, Elliptic curve cryptography is good for battery backup also [21].
Following are the steps for ECC cryptography [21]:
1. The user must first encode any message M as a point on the elliptic curve Pm.
2. Select suitable curve & point G as in Diffie-Hellman.
3. Each user chooses private key nA< n and computes public key PA=nAG.
4. For encryption encrypt Pm, Cm={kG, Pm+kPb}, where k is a random number.
5. For decryption decrypt Cm, compute: Pm+kPb–nB(kG) = Pm+k(nBG)–nB(kG) = Pm
Figure 5. Elliptic Curve
3.5. Hybrid Algorithm
Hybrid means the combination of two or more things. Hybrid algorithm takes the advantages of
symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. So many hybrid algorithms have been proposed. Some authors take
only symmetric algorithms, some uses only asymmetric algorithms and some authors take combination of
these two. Authors of [4], uses ECC and HECC techniques and inculcate with Genetics Algorithm. Authors
of [2], uses RSA and Diffie-Hellman techniques to develop a hybrid algorithm. Authors of [22], uses DES
and IDEA techniques for their proposed hybrid algorithm. Algorithm which is proposed by [2] is simple
among all three. In this, authors uses the two times XOR operation to make the message more complex. Steps
of this algorithm are as follows:
1. Encrypt the message using RSA and generate cipher text, C1.
2. Apply XOR operation between C1 and Kr. (Kr is the session key calculate by sender using Diffie-
Hellman algorithm). This step produces cipher text, say C2.
3. Again apply XOR operation between C2 and Ks (Ks is the session key calculate by receiver using Diffie-
Hellman algorithm). This step produces the final cipher text, C.

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4. Decrypt the cipher text using RSA algorithm and obtain the original message.
3.6. DNA cryptography
DNA isa prolong polymer of compact units called nucleotides. Each DNA strand is composed of
four nucleobases: A, G, C & T. The detail of any living thing is stored in DNA bases as shown in
Figure 6[29].
Figure 6. DNA structure
DNA cryptography uses DNA base pairs as the information carrier. Because of the processing
power of DNA chips, it is more advanced technique. As we know traditional cryptographic algorithms (like
DES, RSA etc.) may be break by an attacker, so there is a need of more secure cryptographic techniques.
DNA computing algorithms have proposed for cryptography issues [23-25]. Several algorithms of DNA
cryptography have been proposed which use secret and public keys for concealing the data [26-28]. For
providing the security in WSN, the key pairs (i.e. public & private key) are used in the proposed algorithm of
[29]. For the key pairgeneration, RSA algorithm is used. Their algorithm has three steps i.e. information,
computation and biological [29]. In their proposed work, security is enhanced by using false data inculcated
in the original data in the form of nucleotide bases [29-32].
4. COMPARISON USING VARIOUS PARAMETERS
The authors have categorized the algorithms according to their key size requirement, strength and
weaknesses, possible attacks which can occur on sensor nodes by using these algorithms and then their
countermeasures. Algorithms with small key sizes are breakable in the near future. So there is a need to use
large key sizes in case of RSA algorithm. DH algorithm is based on dicrete logarithm problem and hences
solves the challenges in these problems. ECC uses small sized keys as compared to RSA and is considered
best. The all information is tabularized in Table 1.

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Table 1. Comparison of various asymmetric algorithms
CRYPTOGR
APHIC
ALGORITH
M
KEY SIZE (in
bits)
STRENGTH WEAKNESS POSSIBLE
ATTACKS
PREFERABLE
COUNTERME
ASURES OF
ATTACKS
RSA  1024 (can be
breakable in
near future)
 2048
 3072
 4096
 Less
computation
time.
 Small encryption
exponent and small
message.
 Same key for
encryption and
signing.
 Using a common
modulus for
different users
 Adaptive
chosen
cipher text
attack
 Side-
channel
analysis
attacks
 Power fault
attack
 Optimal
Asymmet
ric
Encryptio
n
Padding
Diffie-
Hellman
1024 or 3072 for p
(the modulus)
 Solves
challenging
discrete
logarithm.
 Creating &
sharing key, not
information.
 Expensive
exponential
operation.
 Lack of
authenetication.
 Man in the
middle
attack
 Use
authentica
tion
algorithm
with D-H
algorithm
DSA Multiple of 64;
between 512 &
1024 (inclusive)
 Authentication
 Data Integrity
 Non-
repudiation
 Entropy, Secrecy,
and Uniqueness of
the random
signature valueare
critical.
 Key-
recovery
attack
 Lattice
Attacks
_
ECC Smaller key sizes,
i.e.
 160
 224
 256
 smaller key size
 reducing
storage
 reduce
transmission
time
 15 times faster
than RSA
 less power
consumption
 increases the size of
encrypted text
 Dependent on very
complex equations
which increases the
complexity of algo
 Side-
channel
attacks
 Backdoors
 Quantum
computing
attacks
_
Hybrid Based on chosen
algorithms
_
 More execution
time, because of
two algorithms
 Adaptive
chosen
cipher text
attacks
 Research
is going
on to
prevent
these
attacks
DNA Key size not
required
 extraordinary
storage capacity
of DNA
 low power
consumption
 high processing
time
 Dynamicity
_ _ _
5. CONCLUSION
Wireless sensor networksis a growing technology. It has applications in every field.Because of its
roughly deployment in war field, it is vulnerable to many attacks. To protect it from attacks, several
cryptography algorithms has developed. There are so many traditional techniques which are applied to
sensors networks. But in recent years, researchers have developed so many other algorithms that are very
hard to crack for any attacker. One of them is DNA cryptography, it is considered best among all others
cryptographic techniques and it is still in research for study. All others techniques are surveyed in this paper
and compared in terms of their key sizes, strength, weakness, possible attacks, and countermeasures of these
attacks.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ms. Pooja is doing Ph.D from Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra under the supervison of Dr.
R.K.Chauhan. Her Research areas are MANET, WSN, security and cryptography. She has published
papers in IEEE conference and in many other international journals also.
Dr. R.K.Chauhan is senior most faculty member of Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. He has done excel in his field. He did MS from BITS, Pilani. He
did doctorate from the Kurukshetra university.
He is the member of the Board of Directors of our university. He has attended many National and
International Conferences, Seminarsand Workshops and presented many research papers in the field of
Computer Science.

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