An Even Data-Distribution Protocolfor Highly Dynamic VANET

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 12, Issue 2, Ver. I (Mar.-Apr. 2017), PP 26-29
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1202012629 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
An Even Data-Distribution Protocolfor Highly Dynamic VANET
I.Bildass Santhosham1
, I.Rinisha prem priya2
, S. kiruba preethi3
Assistant professor, ECE, CSICE, The Nilgiris, India1
UG student, ECE, CSICE, The Nilgiris, India 2
UG student, ECE, CSICE, The Nilgiris, India 3
Abstract:Vehicular ad -hoc network (VANET) has a problem called high mobility and uneven distribution of
vehicles which affect the performance of routing. The high mobility may changes arrangements of a network,
and the uneven distribution of vehicles leads to node failures due to network partition; In an urban environment
the high density of vehicle cause drastic wireless contentions. In this paper, we use the Even Data Distribution
(EDD) protocol to make uneven distribution of data transmission in the vehicular ad-hoc network to even
distribution. In which the high mobility of vehicles in urban areas causes loss of data due to uneven distribution
in order to reduce the impact of uneven distribution we transform it into even distribution using EDD protocol.
Keywords:EDD, Uneven distribution, Vehicular ad-hoc network, Even distribution.
I. Introduction
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a spontaneous creation of a wireless network for data
exchange. It is a sub form of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) that uses a moving car as nodes to create
mobile network that establishes communication among nearby vehicle and roadside base station with an aim of
providing efficient and safe transportation and aims to compose vehicular self –organizing network for
intelligent transportation system (ITSs). Each vehicle equipped with communication device can act not only as a
communication node, but also as a wireless router. Many distributed applications for vehicle have been
proposed for supporting traffic safety, commercial demand, military uses, and other requirements of
communication in VANETs.
Many issues arise towards running vehicular ad hoc networks to provide an improvement to driver
behavior, with the aim of reducing automobile accidents. Thus, Itspecifies the main important challenges from
the technical perspectives such as signal fading, bandwidth limitations, connectivity, small Effective diameter,
security and privacy, routing. VANETs are designed to provide communication of vehicles. In VANETs two
types of communications are possible, i.e. vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and roadside to vehicle communication
(R2V) communication. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is an infrastructure less network. For each
vehicle's wireless network there is acoverage range that exists from 100 to 300 meters, so end-to-end
communication in a larger distance is possible. In VANET to transmit a message (data) from a source node to
destination node requires data should pass through several intermediate nodes. Vehicles also communicate with
Road Site Unit (RSU) that increases communication range.Even Data Distribution is a Proactive (Table Driven)
Protocol, In which Every node will maintain routing information for all other destinations. Routing information
must be updated periodically. An EDD updated message consists of three fields.
 Destination address: It defines the destination end point ,which receive information from any given
sender. The original packet should include source and destination address.
 Sequence number: Protocol specifies that frames need to be numbered. This is done by using a sequence
number. One important consideration is the range of the sequence number. In order to minimize the frame
size range of sequence number should be small. If the field is m bits long, the sequence numbers start from
0 to 2m
-1 and then repeated.
 Hop count: The hop count is defined as number of nodes the packet is forwarded to reach destination. The
cost of passing through a network is the same, it is one hop count. For example, if a packet passes through
5nodes to reach the destination, the total count is 5 hop counts.
II. Related work
The most popular packet routing protocols in networks are categorized as link state and distance vector.
.Link State Routing Protocol : The link state protocol is performed by switching node in the network.It is
build by shortest path .The basic concept is that every node constructs a map of the network,in the form of a
graph,this shows which nodes are connected to which other nodes.Each nodes are independently calculates the
next best path from it to every possible destination.Each collection of best paths will then form each node’s
routing table.

An Even Data-Distribution Protocol for Highly Dynamic VANET
Distance Vector Routing Protocol: Distance vector routing algorithm can cause both temporary and endurance
loops due to updating the routing table with hard information. The looping problem can be eliminated, which
requires the routers to correlate themselves mutually by secured messages in a stable environment. However, ad
hoc networks are rapidly changing mobile environments. This is difficult to be used in the ad hoc networks.
The well-known implementation of distance vector routing, routing information protocol(RIP), has been
successfully used within local networks. However, it has problem due to network topology changes.
Unfortunately, they solve some problems and introduce others at the same time. The usefulness of the RIP to ad
hoc environments is restricted due to the rapid topology change.
Both link state and distance vector routing algorithms are not suitable for ad hoc network routing.EDD is one of
the proposed routing protocols for ad hoc networks. It aims to overcome the looping problem of RIP and also
reduce uneven distribution.
III. Routing strategy
In EDD, each mobile node of an ad hoc network maintains a routing table, which lists all available
destinations, the hop and next hop to each destination and a sequence number create by the destination node.
Using such routing table stored in each mobile node, the packets are transmitted between the nodes .Each node
of the ad hoc network updates the routing table periodically .The update packet starts out with a hop of one to
direct connected nodes. This indicates each receiving neighbor is one hop away from the node.
Fig1: Routing path
destination Next hop Number of hops Sequence number
A A 0 A46
B B 1 B36
C B 2 C28
Table 1: Routing table
IV. System Model
To address multi-hop routing for VANET’s in an urban scenario, we make assumptions that each vehicle has a
GPS device and a navigation system. In which the multi-hop routing means alternative routes for source and
destination
Fig2:Routing path
In this graph there are two vertices for routing selection, one is source vehicle Vs and other one is destination
vehicle Vd.The routing path is done by three modules, depending on the packet delivery as follows.
 Dynamic route selection: It represents the changeable information of vehicles in the street, which actually
determines the routing performance for a packet.It uses the concept of multi-hop routing in which it used to
select an alternative path for data transmission.
 Next route selection:If the packet is at one End side, the identification of other end side is recorded in the
header of the packet to avoid a routing loop problem. It is a serious network problem which happens when a
data packet is continually routed through the same routers.
 Packet forwarding: It is relaying of packets from one node to another by nodes in a network. The original
data of packet are transmitted from one node to another.
Performance evaluation:
We implement our proposed EDD in NS-2, it is a network simulator which runs on Linux.NS-2 provides
routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. It works with two languages one is TCL
(tool command language) other one is c++. TCL is used for node creation and c++ used in the protocols. both
are object oriented programming languages.

Table 2: Simulation table
Output:
Ns2 output has 3 files they are nam (.nam) ,trace (.tr) and Xgraph (.xgr)
 NAM:
Nam is TCL based animation tool for viewing network .
 TRACE:
The file written by an application to store coverage information or overall network information.Trace file is used
to record the simulation events
 Xgraph:
It is a graphic representation of simulation results.
Routing in NS-2:(nam output)
V. Conclusion
In this paper, we proposed a protocol called an Even Data Distribution protocol. Which make uneven
distribution of data transmission in the vehicular ad-hoc network to an even distribution. In which the high
mobility of vehicles in urban areas causes loss of data due to uneven distribution in order to reduce the impact of
uneven distribution we transform it into even distribution using EDD protocol. In which it also increases the
packet delivery ratio. The packet delivery ratiodepends on packet received by the destination and the packet
generated by source.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank, Assistant Professor Bildass Santhosam for his immense support and guidance. He really
gave us many helpful suggestions in tracing and modelling of VANET.
Reference
[1]. O. Andrisano, R. Verdone, and M. Nakagawa, “Intelligent transportation systems: The role of third generation mobile radio
networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 144–151, Sep. 2000.
[2]. F. Li and Y. Wang, “Routing in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 12–22, Jun.
2007
[3]. V. Kumar, S. Mishra, and N. Chand, “Applications of VANETs: Present & future,” Commun. Netw., vol. 5, no. 1B, pp. 12–15,
2013.
[4]. J. Nzouonta, N. Rajgure, G. Wang, and C. Borcea, “VANET routing on city roads using real-time vehicular trafﬁc information,”
IEEETrans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3609–3626, Sep. 2009.
[5]. Broch Joch, Maltz David A., etc.: A performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols, Fouth
AnnualACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 1998.

An Even Data-Distribution Protocolfor Highly Dynamic VANET

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