PostgreSQL + ZFS best practices
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ZFS provides several advantages over traditional block-based filesystems when used with PostgreSQL, including preventing bitrot, improved compression ratios, and write locality. ZFS uses copy-on-write and transactional semantics to ensure data integrity and allow for snapshots and clones. Proper configuration such as enabling compression and using ZFS features like intent logging can optimize performance when used with PostgreSQL's workloads.
PostgreSQL + ZFS best practices
- 1. PostgreSQL + ZFS Best Practices and Standard Procedures
- 2. "If you are not using ZFS, you are losing data*."
- 3. ZFS is not magic, but it is an incredibly impressive piece of software. Clark's Three Laws3 1. When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong. 2. The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible. 3. Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
- 4. PostgreSQL and ZFS4 •Many bits •Lots of bits •Huge bits •It's gunna be great •Very excited •We have the best filesystems •People tell me this is true •Except the fake media, they didn't tell me this
- 5. Too soon? 5 •Many bits •Lots of bits •Huge bits •It's gunna be great •Very excited •We have the best filesystems •People tell me this is true •Except the fake media, they didn't tell me this PostgreSQL and ZFS: It's about the bits and storage, stupid.
- 6. Some FS minutiae may have been harmed in the making of this talk. Nit-pick as necessary (preferably after). PostgreSQL and ZFS6 1. Review PostgreSQL from a storage administrator's perspective 2. Learn what it takes to become a PostgreSQL "backup expert" 3. Dive through a naive block-based filesystem 4. Walk through the a high-level abstraction of ZFS 5. See some examples of how to use ZFS with PostgreSQL •Tips •Tunables •Anecdotes
- 7. PostgreSQL - A Storage Administrator's View7 •User-land page cache maintained by PostgreSQL in shared memory •8K page size •Each PostgreSQL table is backed by one or more files in $PGDATA/ •Tables larger than 1GB are automatically shared into individual 1GB files •pwrite(2)'s to tables are: •append-only if no free pages in the table are available •in-place updated if free pages are available in the free-space map •pwrite(2)'s are page-aligned •Makes heavy use of a Write Ahead Log (WAL), aka an Intent Log
- 8. Storage Administration: WAL on Disk8 •WAL files are written to sequentially •append-only IO •Still 8K page-aligned writes via pwrite(2) •WAL logs are 16MB each, pre-allocated •WAL logs are never unlink(2)'ed, only recycled via rename(2) •Low-latency pwrite(2)'s and fsync(2) for WAL files is required for good write performance
- 9. Wait for pg_start_backup() to return before backing up $PGDATA/ directory. PostgreSQL - Backups9 Traditionally, only two SQL commands that you must know: 1.pg_start_backup('my_backup') 2.${some_random_backup_utility} $PGDATA/ 3.pg_stop_backup()
- 10. Manual CHECKPOINT if you can't twiddle the args to pg_start_backup(). PostgreSQL - Backups10 Only two^Wthree SQL commands that you must know: 1.CHECKPOINT 2.pg_start_backup('my_backup') 3.${some_random_backup_utility} $PGDATA/ 4.pg_stop_backup()
- 11. pg_start_backup('my_backup', true) a.k.a. aggressive checkpointing (vs default perf hit of: 0.5 * checkpoint_completion_target) PostgreSQL - Backups11 Only two^Wthree^Wtwo commands that you must know: 1.CHECKPOINT 2.pg_start_backup('my_backup', true) 3.${some_random_backup_utility} $PGDATA/ 4.pg_stop_backup()
- 15. TIP: Look for parallels. Quick ZFS Primer15
- 16. Quick ZFS Primer: Features (read: why you must use ZFS)16 •Never inconsistent (no fsck(8)'s required, ever) •Filesystem atomically moves from one consistent state to another consistent state •All blocks are checksummed •Compression builtin •Snapshots are free and unlimited •Clones are easy •Changes accumulate in memory, flushed to disk in a transaction •Redundant metadata (and optionally data) •Filesystem management independent of physical storage management •Log-Structured Filesystem •Copy on Write (COW)
- 17. Feature Consequences (read: how your butt gets saved)17 •bitrot detected and automatically corrected if possible •phantom writes •misdirected reads or writes by the drive heads •DMA parity errors •firmware or driver bugs •RAM capacitors aren't refreshed fast enough or with enough power •Phenomenal sequential and random IO write performance •Performance increase for sequential reads •Cost of ownership goes down •New tricks and tools to solve "data gravity" problems
- 18. ELI5: Block Filesystems vs Log Structured Filesystems
- 19. Block Filesystems: Top-Down19 Userland Application bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) Userland
- 20. Block Filesystems: Top-Down20 Userland Application bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) VFS Layer Userland Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1
- 21. Block Filesystems: Top-Down21 Userland Application bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) VFS Layer Userland Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1 System Buffers
- 22. Block Filesystems: Top-Down22 Userland Application bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) VFS Layer Userland Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1 System Buffers 10 2 3 4 Logical File Blocks
- 23. Block Filesystems: Top-Down23 VFS Layer Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1 System Buffers 10 2 3 4 Logical File Blocks Physical Storage Layer 0: #8884 2: #9971 1: #7014 3: #0016 4: #0317 Pretend this is a spinning disk
- 24. Block Filesystems: PostgreSQL Edition24 Userland Application 8k bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) Userland cnt = 2
- 25. Block Filesystems: PostgreSQL Edition25 Userland Application 8k bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) VFS Layer Userland Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1 System Buffers 10 2 3 Logical File Blocks cnt = 2
- 26. Block Filesystems: PostgreSQL Edition26 VFS Layer Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1 System Buffers 10 2 3 Logical File Blocks Physical Storage Layer 0: #8884 2: #9971 1: #7014 3: #0016
- 27. Quiz Time27 What happens when you twiddle a bool in a row? UPDATE foo_table SET enabled = FALSE WHERE id = 123;
- 28. Quiz Answer: Write Amplification28 UPDATE foo_table SET enabled = FALSE WHERE id = 123; Userland Application 8k bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) <~182 tuples foo_table Tuple
- 29. ZFS Tip: postgresql.conf: full_page_writes=off29 ALTER SYSTEM SET full_page_writes=off; CHECKPOINT; -- Restart PostgreSQL IMPORTANT NOTE: full_page_writes=off interferes with cascading replication
- 30. Block Filesystems: PostgreSQL Edition30 Userland Application 8k bufferwrite(fd, buffer, cnt) VFS Layer Userland Kernel Logical File: PGDATA/global/1 System Buffers 10 2 3 Logical File Blocks cnt = 2 •buffers can be 4K •disk sectors are 512B - 4K •ordering of writes is important •consistency requires complete cooperation and coordination
- 31. If you remember one thing from this section, this is it. ZFS Filesystem Storage Abstraction31 Physical Storage is decoupled from Filesystems.
- 32. VDEVs On the Bottom32 zpool: rpool or tank VDEV: raidz disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 IO Scheduler VDEV: mirror disk5 disk6 IO Scheduler
- 33. VFS /usr/local/etctank/local/etc tank/local none /usrtank/ROOT/usr /dbtank/db / Mountpoint tank/ROOT Dataset Name Filesystems On Top33 canmount=off
- 34. Offensively Over Simplified Architecture Diagram34 zpool: rpool or tank DSL - Dataset and Snapshot Layer Datasets Filesystem zvol ZPL - ZFS POSIX Layer VDEV: raidz disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 IO Scheduler VDEV: mirror disk5 disk6 IO Scheduler
- 35. ZFS is magic until you know how it fits together35 zpool: rpool or tank DSL - Dataset and Snapshot Layer Datasets Filesystem zvol ZPL - ZFS POSIX Layer VDEV: raidz disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 IO Scheduler VDEV: mirror disk5 disk6 IO Scheduler VFS /usr/local/etctank/local/etc tank/local none /usrtank/ROOT/usr /dbtank/db / Mountpoint tank/ROOT Dataset Name
- 37. Log-Structured Filesystems: Top-Down37 Disk Block with foo_table Tuple
- 38. ZFS: User Data Block Lookup via ZFS Posix Layer38 uberblock Disk Block with foo_table Tuple
- 39. ZFS: User Data + File dnode39 t1
- 41. ZFS: Meta-Object Set Layer41 t1 t2 t3
- 43. At what point did the filesystem become inconsistent?43 t4 t1 t2 t3
- 44. At what point could the filesystem become inconsistent?44 t4 t1 t2 t3 At t1
- 45. How? I lied while explaining the situation. Alternate Truth.45 Neglected to highlight ZFS is Copy-On-Write (read: knowingly committed perjury in front of a live audience)
- 46. (read: I nearly committed perjury in front of a live audience by knowingly withholding vital information) How? I lied while explaining the situation. Alternate46 ZFS is Copy-On-Write What what's not been deleted and on disk is immutable.
- 47. ZFS is Copy-On-Write47 t1 Disk Block with foo_table Tuple
- 48. At what point did the filesystem become inconsistent?48 t1 t2
- 49. At what point did the filesystem become inconsistent?49 t1 t2 t3
- 50. At what point did the filesystem become inconsistent?50 t4 t1 t2 t3
- 51. At what point could the filesystem become inconsistent?51 t4 t1 t2 t3 NEVER
- 52. 52 •Transaction groups are flushed to disk ever N seconds (defaults to 5s) •A transaction group (txg) in ZFS is called a "checkpoint" •User Data can be modified as its written to disk •All data is checksummed •Compression should be enabled by default TIL about ZFS: Transactions and Disk Pages
- 53. ZFS Tip: ALWAYS enable compression53 $ zfs get compression NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool compression off default rpool/root compression off default $ sudo zfs set compression=lz4 rpool $ zfs get compression NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool compression lz4 local rpool/root compression lz4 inherited from rpool •Across ~7PB of PostgreSQL and mixed workloads and applications: compression ratio of ~2.8:1 was the average. •Have seen >100:1 compression on some databases (cough this data probably didn't belong in a database cough) •Have seen as low as 1.01:1
- 54. ZFS Tip: ALWAYS enable compression54 $ zfs get compression NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool compression off default rpool/root compression off default $ sudo zfs set compression=lz4 rpool $ zfs get compression NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool compression lz4 local rpool/root compression lz4 inherited from rpool I have yet to see compression slow down benchmarking results or real world workloads. My experience is with: •spinning rust (7.2K RPM, 10K RPM, and 15KRPM) •fibre channel connected SANs •SSDs •NVME
- 55. ZFS Tip: ALWAYS enable compression55 $ zfs get compressratio NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool compressratio 1.64x - rpool/db compressratio 2.58x - rpool/db/pgdb1-10 compressratio 2.61x - rpool/root compressratio 1.62x - •Use lz4 by default everywhere. •Use gzip-9 only for archive servers •Never mix-and-match compression where you can't suffer the consequences of lowest-common-denominator performance •Anxious to see ZStandard support (I'm looking at you Allan Jude)
- 56. ZFS Perk: Data Locality56 •Data written at the same time is stored near each other because it's frequently part of the same record •Data can now pre-fault into kernel cache (ZFS ARC) by virtue of the temporal adjacency of the related pwrite(2) calls •Write locality + compression=lz4 + pg_repack == PostgreSQL Dream Team
- 57. If you don't know what pg_repack is, figure out how to move into a database environment that supports pg_repack and use it regularly. https://reorg.github.io/pg_repack/ && https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/ ZFS Perk: Data Locality57 •Data written at the same time is stored near each other because it's frequently part of the same record •Data can now pre-fault into kernel cache (ZFS ARC) by virtue of the temporal adjacency of the related pwrite(2) calls •Write locality + compression=lz4 + pg_repack == PostgreSQL Dream Team
- 58. Ask after if you are curious, but here's a teaser: What do you do if the dedup hash tables don't fit in RAM? Extreme ZFS Warning: Purge all memory of dedup58 •This is not just my recommendation, it's also from the community and author of the feature. •These are not the droids you are looking for •Do not pass Go •Do not collect $200 •Go straight to system unavailability jail •The feature works, but you run the risk of bricking your ZFS server.
- 59. Bitrot is a Studied Phenomena
- 60. Bitrot is a Studied Phenomena
- 61. Bitrot is a Studied Phenomena
- 62. Bitrot is a Studied Phenomena
- 63. TIL: Bitrot is here63 •TL;DR: 4.2% -> 34% of SSDs have one UBER per year
- 64. TIL: Bitrot Roulette64 (1-(1-uberRate)^(numDisks)) = Probability of UBER/server/year (1-(1-0.042)^(20)) = 58% (1-(1-0.34)^(20)) = 99.975% Highest quality SSD drives on the market Lowest quality commercially viable SSD drives on the market
- 65. Causes of bitrot are Internal and External65 External Factors for UBER on SSDs: • Temperature • Bus Power Consumption • Data Written by the System Software • Workload changes due to SSD failure
- 66. In a Datacenter no-one can hear your bits scream...
- 67. ...except maybe they can.
- 68. Take Care of your bits68 Answer their cry for help.
- 69. Take Care of your bits69 Similar studies and research exist for: •Fibre Channel •SAS •SATA •Tape •SANs •Cloud Object Stores
- 70. "...I told you all of that, so I can tell you this..." So what about PostgreSQL?70
- 71. ZFS Terminology: VDEV71 VDEV | vē-dēv noun a virtual device •Physical drive redundancy is handled at the VDEV level •Zero or more physical disks arranged like a RAID set: •mirror •stripe •raidz •raidz2 •raidz3
- 72. Loose a VDEV, loose the zpool. ZFS Terminology: zpool72 zpool | zē-po ͞ol noun an abstraction of physical storage made up of a set of VDEVs
- 73. ZFS Terminology: ZPL73 ZPL | zē-pē-el noun ZFS POSIX Layer •Layer that handles the impedance mismatch between POSIX filesystem semantics and the ZFS "object database."
- 74. ZFS Terminology: ZIL74 ZIL | zil noun ZFS Intent Log •The ZFS analog of PostgreSQL's WAL •If you use a ZIL: •Use disks that have low-latency writes •Mirror your ZIL •If you loose your ZIL, whatever data had not made it to the main data disks will be lost. The PostgreSQL equivalent of: rm -rf pg_xlog/
- 75. TIP: Limit ARC's max size to a percentage of physical memory minus the shared_buffer cache for PostgreSQL minus the kernel's memory overhead. ZFS Terminology: ARC75 ARC | ärk noun Adaptive Replacement Cache •ZFS's page cache •ARC will grow or shrink to match use up all of the available memory
- 76. ZFS Terminology: Datasets76 dataset | dædə ˌsɛt noun A filesystem or volume ("zvol") •A ZFS filesystem dataset uses the underlying zpool •A dataset belongs to one and only one zpool •Misc tunables, including compression and quotas are set on the dataset level
- 77. ZFS Terminology: The Missing Bits77 ZAP ZFS Attribute Processor DMU Data Management Unit DSL Dataset and Snapshot Layer SPA Storage Pool Allocator ZVOL ZFS Volume ZIO ZFS I/O RAIDZ RAID with variable-size stripes L2ARC Level 2 Adaptive Replacement Cache record unit of user data, think RAID stripe size
- 78. Storage Management78 $ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool 818M 56.8G 96K none rpool/root 817M 56.8G 817M / $ ls -lA -d /db ls: cannot access '/db': No such file or directory $ sudo zfs create rpool/db -o mountpoint=/db $ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool 818M 56.8G 96K none rpool/db 96K 56.8G 96K /db rpool/root 817M 56.8G 817M / $ ls -lA /db total 9 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2 Mar 2 18:06 ./ drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 24 Mar 2 18:06 ../
- 79. Storage Management79 •Running out of disk space is bad, m'kay? •Block file systems reserve ~8% of the disk space above 100% •At ~92% capacity the performance of block allocators change from "performance optimized" to "space optimized" (read: performance "drops").
- 80. ZFS doesn't have an artificial pool of free space: you have to manage that yourself. Storage Management80 •Running out of disk space is bad, m'kay? •Block file systems reserve ~8% of the disk space above 100% •At ~92% capacity the performance of block allocators change from "performance optimized" to "space optimized" (read: performance "drops").
- 81. Storage Management81 $ sudo zpool list -H -o size 59.6G $ sudo zpool list The pool should never consume more than 80% of the available space
- 82. Storage Management82 $ sudo zfs set quota=48G rpool/db $ sudo zfs get quota rpool/db NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool/db quota 48G local $ sudo zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool 818M 56.8G 96K none rpool/db 96K 48.0G 96K /db rpool/root 817M 56.8G 817M /
- 83. Dataset Tuning Tips83 •Disable atime •Enable compression •Tune the recordsize •Consider tweaking the primarycache
- 84. ZFS Dataset Tuning84 # zfs get atime,compression,primarycache,recordsize rpool/db NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool/db atime on inherited from rpool rpool/db compression lz4 inherited from rpool rpool/db primarycache all default rpool/db recordsize 128K default # zfs set atime=off rpool/db # zfs set compression=lz4 rpool/db # zfs set recordsize=16K rpool/db # zfs set primarycache=metadata rpool/db # zfs get atime,compression,primarycache,recordsize rpool/db NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE rpool/db atime off local rpool/db compression lz4 local rpool/db primarycache metadata local rpool/db recordsize 16K local
- 85. Discuss: recordsize=16K85 •Pre-fault next page: useful for sequential scans •With compression=lz4, reasonable to expect ~3-4x pages worth of data in a single ZFS record Anecdotes and Recommendations: •Performed better in most workloads vs ZFS's prefetch •Disabling prefetch isn't necessary, tends to still be a net win •Monitor arc cache usage
- 86. Discuss: primarycache=metadata86 •metadata instructs ZFS's ARC to only cache metadata (e.g. dnode entries), not page data itself •Default: cache all data Two different recommendations based on benchmark workloads: •Enable primarycache=all where working set exceeds RAM •Enable primarycache=metadata where working set fits in RAM
- 87. Reasonable Default anecdote: Cap max ARC size ~15%-25% physical RAM + ~50% RAM shared_buffers Discuss: primarycache=metadata87 •metadata instructs ZFS's ARC to only cache metadata (e.g. dnode entries), not page data itself •Default: cache all data •Double-caching happens Two different recommendations based on benchmark workloads: •Enable primarycache=all where working set exceeds RAM •Enable primarycache=metadata where working set fits in RAM
- 91. Performance Wins91 P.S. This was observed on 10K RPM spinning rust.
- 92. Checksum errors are an early indicator of failing disks ZFS Always has your back92 •ZFS will checksum every read from disk •A failed checksum will result in a fault and automatic data reconstruction •Scrubs do background check of every record •Schedule periodic scrubs •Frequently for new and old devices •Infrequently for devices in service between 6mo and 2.5yr PSA: The "Compressed ARC" feature was added to catch checksum errors in RAM
- 93. Schedule Periodic Scrubs93 # zpool status pool: rpool state: ONLINE scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM rpool ONLINE 0 0 0 sda1 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors # zpool scrub rpool # zpool status pool: rpool state: ONLINE scan: scrub in progress since Fri Mar 3 20:41:44 2017 753M scanned out of 819M at 151M/s, 0h0m to go 0 repaired, 91.97% done config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM rpool ONLINE 0 0 0 sda1 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors # zpool status pool: rpool state: ONLINE scan: scrub repaired 0 in 0h0m with 0 errors on Fri Mar 3 20:41:49 2017 Non-zero on any of these values is bad™
- 94. Checksum errors are an early indicator of failing disks One dataset per database94 •Create one ZFS dataset per database instance •General rules of thumb: •Use the same dataset for $PGDATA/ and pg_xlogs/ •Set a reasonable quota •Optional: reserve space to guarantee minimal available space
- 95. One dataset per database95 # zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool 819M 56.8G 96K none rpool/db 160K 48.0G 96K /db rpool/root 818M 56.8G 818M / # zfs create rpool/db/pgdb1 # chown postgres:postgres /db/pgdb1 # zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool 819M 56.8G 96K none rpool/db 256K 48.0G 96K /db rpool/db/pgdb1 96K 48.0G 96K /db/pgdb1 rpool/root 818M 56.8G 818M / # zfs set reservation=1G rpool/db/pgdb1 # zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool 1.80G 55.8G 96K none rpool/db 1.00G 47.0G 96K /db rpool/db/pgdb1 96K 48.0G 12.0M /db/pgdb1 rpool/root 818M 55.8G 818M /
- 96. initdb like a boss96 # su postgres -c 'initdb --no-locale -E=UTF8 -n -N -D /db/pgdb1' Running in noclean mode. Mistakes will not be cleaned up. The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres". This user must also own the server process. The database cluster will be initialized with locale "C". The default text search configuration will be set to "english". Data page checksums are disabled. fixing permissions on existing directory /db/pgdb1 ... ok creating subdirectories ... ok •Encode using UTF8, sort using C •Only enable locale when you know you need it •~2x perf bump by avoiding calls to iconv(3) to figure out sort order •DO NOT use PostgreSQL checksums or compression
- 97. # zfs list -t snapshot no datasets available # pwd /db/pgdb1 # find . | wc -l 895 # head -1 postmaster.pid 25114 # zfs snapshot rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm # zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm 0 - 12.0M - # psql -U postgres psql (9.6.2) Type "help" for help. postgres=# q # rm -rf * # ls -1 | wc -l 0 # psql -U postgres psql: FATAL: could not open relation mapping file "global/pg_filenode.map": No such file or directory Backups97 Guilty Pleasure During Demos
- 98. Backups: Has Them98 $ psql psql: FATAL: could not open relation mapping file "global/pg_filenode.map": No such file or directory # cat postgres.log LOG: database system was shut down at 2017-03-03 21:08:05 UTC LOG: MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled LOG: database system is ready to accept connections LOG: autovacuum launcher started FATAL: could not open relation mapping file "global/pg_filenode.map": No such file or directory LOG: could not open temporary statistics file "pg_stat_tmp/global.tmp": No such file or directory LOG: could not open temporary statistics file "pg_stat_tmp/global.tmp": No such file or directory ... LOG: could not open temporary statistics file "pg_stat_tmp/global.tmp": No such file or directory LOG: could not open file "postmaster.pid": No such file or directory LOG: performing immediate shutdown because data directory lock file is invalid LOG: received immediate shutdown request LOG: could not open temporary statistics file "pg_stat/global.tmp": No such file or directory WARNING: terminating connection because of crash of another server process DETAIL: The postmaster has commanded this server process to roll back the current transaction and exit, because another server process exited abnormally and possibly corrupted shared memory. HINT: In a moment you should be able to reconnect to the database and repeat your command. LOG: database system is shut down # ll total 1 drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 2 Mar 3 21:40 ./ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 3 Mar 3 21:03 ../
- 99. Restores: As Important as Backups99 # zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm 12.0M - 12.0M - # zfs rollback rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm # su postgres -c '/usr/lib/postgresql/9.6/bin/postgres -D /db/pgdb1' LOG: database system was interrupted; last known up at 2017-03-03 21:50:57 UTC LOG: database system was not properly shut down; automatic recovery in progress LOG: redo starts at 0/14EE7B8 LOG: invalid record length at 0/1504150: wanted 24, got 0 LOG: redo done at 0/1504128 LOG: last completed transaction was at log time 2017-03-03 21:51:15.340442+00 LOG: MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled LOG: database system is ready to accept connections LOG: autovacuum launcher started Works all the time, every time, even with kill -9 (possible dataloss from ungraceful shutdown and IPC cleanup not withstanding)
- 100. Clone: Test and Upgrade with Impunity100 # zfs clone rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm rpool/db/pgdb1-upgrade-test # zfs list -r rpool/db NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool/db 1.00G 47.0G 96K /db rpool/db/pgdb1 15.6M 48.0G 15.1M /db/pgdb1 rpool/db/pgdb1-upgrade-test 8K 47.0G 15.2M /db/pgdb1-upgrade-test # echo "Test pg_upgrade" # zfs destroy rpool/db/pgdb1-clone # zfs clone rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm rpool/db/pgdb1-10 # echo "Run pg_upgrade for real" # zfs promote rpool/db/pgdb1-10 # zfs destroy rpool/db/pgdb1 Works all the time, every time, even with kill -9 (possible dataloss from ungraceful shutdown and IPC cleanup not withstanding)
- 101. Be explicit: codify the tight coupling between PostgreSQL versions and $PGDATA/. Tip: Naming Conventions101 •Use a short prefix not on the root filesystem (e.g. /db) •Encode the PostgreSQL major version into the dataset name •Give each PostgreSQL cluster its own dataset (e.g. pgdb01) •Optional but recommended: •one database per cluster •one app per database •encode environment into DB name •encode environment into DB username Suboptimal Good rpool/db/pgdb1 rpool/db/prod-db01-pg94 rpool/db/myapp-shard1 rpool/db/prod-myapp-shard001-pg95 rpool/db/dbN rpool/db/prod-dbN-pg10
- 102. Unlimited flexibility. Compress, encrypt, checksum, and offsite to your heart's content. Defy Gravity102 •Take and send snapshots to remote servers •zfs send emits a snapshot to stdout: treat as a file or stream •zfs receive reads a snapshot from stdin •TIP: If available: •Use the -s argument to zfs receive •Use zfs get receive_resume_token on the receiving end to get the required token to resume an interrupted send: zfs send -t <token>
- 103. Defy Gravity103 # zfs send -v -L -p -e rpool/db/pgdb1@pre-rm > /dev/null send from @ to rpool/db/pgdb1-10@pre-rm estimated size is 36.8M total estimated size is 36.8M TIME SENT SNAPSHOT # zfs send -v -L -p -e rpool/db/pgdb1-10@pre-rm | zfs receive -v rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive send from @ to rpool/db/pgdb1-10@pre-rm estimated size is 36.8M total estimated size is 36.8M TIME SENT SNAPSHOT received 33.8MB stream in 1 seconds (33.8MB/sec) # zfs list -t snapshot NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT rpool/db/pgdb1-10@pre-rm 8K - 15.2M - rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@pre-rm 0 - 15.2M -
- 104. Remember to remove old snapshots. Distributed systems bingo! Defy Gravity: Incrementally104 •Use a predictable snapshot naming scheme •Send snapshots incrementally •Clean up old snapshots •Use a monotonic snapshot number (a.k.a. "vector clock")
- 105. Defy Gravity: Incremental105 # echo "Change PostgreSQL's data" # zfs snapshot rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 # zfs send -v -L -p -e -i rpool/db/pgdb1-10@pre-rm rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 > /dev/null send from @pre-rm to rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 estimated size is 2K total estimated size is 2K # zfs send -v -L -p -e -i rpool/db/pgdb1-10@pre-rm rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 | zfs receive -v rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive send from @pre-rm to rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 estimated size is 2K total estimated size is 2K receiving incremental stream of rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example- incremental-001 into rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@example-incremental-001 received 312B stream in 1 seconds (312B/sec)
- 106. Defy Gravity: Vector Clock106 # echo "Change more PostgreSQL's data: VACUUM FULL FREEZE" # zfs snapshot rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-002 # zfs send -v -L -p -e -i rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-002 > /dev/null send from @example-incremental-001 to rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example- incremental-002 estimated size is 7.60M total estimated size is 7.60M TIME SENT SNAPSHOT # zfs send -v -L -p -e -i rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-002 | zfs receive -v rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive send from @example-incremental-001 to rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example- incremental-002 estimated size is 7.60M total estimated size is 7.60M receiving incremental stream of rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-002 into rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@example-incremental-002 TIME SENT SNAPSHOT received 7.52MB stream in 1 seconds (7.52MB/sec)
- 107. Defy Gravity: Cleanup107 # zfs list -t snapshot -o name,used,refer NAME USED REFER rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 8K 15.2M rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-002 848K 15.1M rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@pre-rm 8K 15.2M rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@example-incremental-001 8K 15.2M rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@example-incremental-002 0 15.1M # zfs destroy rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@pre-rm # zfs destroy rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-001 # zfs destroy rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@example-incremental-001 # zfs list -t snapshot -o name,used,refer NAME USED REFER rpool/db/pgdb1-10@example-incremental-002 848K 15.1M rpool/db/pgdb1-10-receive@example-incremental-002 0 15.1M
- 108. Controversial: logbias=throughput108 •Measure tps/qps •Time duration of an outage (OS restart plus WAL replay, e.g. 10-20min) •Measure cost of back pressure from the DB to the rest of the application •Use a txg timeout of 1 second Position: since ZFS will never be inconsistent and therefore PostgreSQL will never loose integrity, 1s of actual data loss is a worthwhile tradeoff for a ~10x performance boost in write-heavy applications. Rationale: loss aversion costs organizations more than potentially loosing 1s of data. Back pressure is a constant cost the rest of the application needs to absorb due to continual fsync(2)'ing of WAL data. Architectural cost and premature engineering costs need to be factored in. Penny-wise, pound foolish.
- 109. Controversial: logbias=throughput109 # cat /sys/module/zfs/parameters/zfs_txg_timeout 5 # echo 1 > /sys/module/zfs/parameters/zfs_txg_timeout # echo 'options zfs zfs_txg_timeout=1' >> /etc/modprobe.d/zfs.conf # psql -c 'ALTER SYSTEM SET synchronous_commit=off' ALTER SYSTEM # zfs set logbias=throughput rpool/db