introduction to Micro Processor and Microcontroller

Introduction To Microprocessor and
Microcontroller
1
By
V.Bharathi M.E.,M.B.A.,(Ph.D)
Asst.Prof -ECE
Kongunadu College of Engg & Tech,Thottiam,Trichy

Objective
 Introduction to microprocessor
 Applications of microprocessor
 Architecture
 Addressing mode and its types
 Instruction Set
 Peripherals in MP and MC
 Difference Between MP and MC
 Videos
6 August 20172

Introduction
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 Microprocessor (µP) is the “brain” of a
computer that has been implemented on
one semiconductor chip.
 Processor means a device that processes
whatever(binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s)
 To process means to manipulate. It
describes all manipulation.
 Micro-> extremely small

Definition of a Microprocessor.
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 A microprocessor is multi programmable
clock driven register based semiconductor
device that is used to fetch , process
&execute a data within fraction of
seconds .

Applications
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 Calculators
 Accounting system
 Games machine
 Traffic light Control
 Multi user, multi-function environments
 Military applications
 Communication systems

Advanced safety vehicle (ASV)
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8

DIFFERENT PROCESSORS
AVAILABLE
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Development of Intel
Microprocessors
 8086 -1979
 286 -1982
 386 -1985
 486 -1989
 Pentium -1993
 Pentium Pro -1995
 Pentium MMX -1997
 Pentium II -1997
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Development of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium II Celeron -1998
 Pentium II Zeon -1998
 Pentium III -1999
 Pentium III Zeon -1999
 Pentium IV -2000
 Pentium IV Zeon -2001
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8-bit Microprocessors
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
 Could execute 50,000 instructions per second
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Intel 8080
 It was also 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors
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Intel 8085
 It was also 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
 It had 246 instructions

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16-bit Microprocessors
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Introduction to
INTEL8086
Features of 8086
 It was first 16-bit μP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77
MHz, 8 MHz and 10
MHz, depending on the
version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5
million instructions per
second.
 It could access 1 MB of
memory.
 It had 22,000
instructions.
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Basic Microprocessors System
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BUS CONCEPT
 BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data , address
& control signals.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES:
DATA BUS: group of conducting lines that carries data.
ADDRESS BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
address.
CONTROL BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
control signals {RD,WR etc}
CPU BUS: group of conducting lines that directly
connected to μP
SYSTEM BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data ,
address & control signals in a μP system.
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8086 Internal Architecture
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1.Fetch
2.Decode
3.Execute

Registers organization 0f 8086
 8086 has powerful set of registers, It includes
1. General purpose Register.
2. Segment Register.
3. Flag Register.
4.Pointer and Index Register.
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General purpose register
 All the general registers of the 8086 microprocessor can be
used for arithmetic and logical operations.The 16 – bit
general registers are
1.Accumulator(AX) = (AL,AH)
2.Base Register(BX) = (BL,BH)
3.Count Register(CX) = (CL,CH)
4. Data Register (DX) = (DL,DH)
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All registers can be
used as 16 bit
registers or two
8- bit registers

General Purpose Registers
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15 8 7 0

General Purpose Registers
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6 August 201725
 AX is used as 16 bit Accumulator(ACC)
 Where as register AL is used as 8 bit Accumulator(ACC)
 They can also used as counters or used for storing off set
address.

Segment Registers
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Flag Registers
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Architecture of 8086
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Architecture of 8086
 Architecture is internally divided into two separate
functional units.
1. Bus interface unit (BIU)
2. Execution unit (EU)
 These two functional units can work simultaneously to
increase the system speed
 Throughput- is a measure of number of instructions executed
per unit time
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Functions of Bus interface unit
(BIU)
 Sends out addresses for memory locations
 Fetches Instructions from memory
 Reads/Writes data to memory
 Sends out addresses for I/O ports
 Reads/Writes data to Input/output ports
 Supports for instructions queuing
 Provides the address relocation facility
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Instruction queue
 To speed up the program execution, the BIU unit fetches six
instruction bytes ahead of time from the memory
 These prefetced instruction bytes are held for the execution
unit in a group of six registers.
 With the help of the queue it is possible to fetch next
instruction when current instruction is in execution
 BIU fetches next instruction when previous instruction is in
execution
 <Refer next slide>
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6 August 201733
1.Fetch
2.Decode
3.Execute

Execution Unit
 The execution unit of 8086 tells the BIU from where to
fetch instructions or data, decodes instruction and execute
instructions.
 It contains
1. Control Circuitry
2. Instruction decoder
3.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
4. Flag register
5. General purpose registers
6. Pointers and instruction registers
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Pointer Register
 Stack Pointer (SP)
It is a 16- bit register pointing to program stack
 Base Pointer (BP)
It is a 16 bit register pointing to data in the stack segment.
BP register is usually used for base index or register indirect
addressing mode
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Index register
 Source Index(SI)
It is a 16 bit register .SI is used for indexed ,based indexed
and register indirect addressing mode
• Destination Index(DI)
It is a 16 bit register, DI is used for indexed ,based indexed
and register indirect addressing mode
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SUBROUTINE & SUBROUTINE
HANDILING INSTRUCTIONS
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INTERRUPTS &INTERRUPT
SERVICE ROUTINE(ISR)
 INTERRUPT & ISR ?
 ‘Interrupts’ is to break the sequence of operation.
While the CPU is executing a program, on‘interrupt’ breaks
the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its
execution to some other program called Interrupt Service
Routine (ISR)
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 Maskable Interrupt: An Interrupt that can be disabled or
ignored by the instructions of CPU are called as Maskable
Interrupt.
 Non-Maskable Interrupt: An interrupt that cannot be
disabled or ignored by the instructions of CPU are called as
Non-Maskable Interrupt.
 Software interrupts are machine instructions that amount
to a call to the designated interrupt subroutine, usually
identified by interrupt number.
 Ex: INT0 -INT255
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Setup & Hold Time
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 Setup time
The time before the rising edge of the clock,
while the data must be valid and constant
 Hold time
The time after the rising edge of the clock during
which the data must remain valid and constant
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MICRO CONTROLLER
 An IC which process and also controls the devices such as
Keyboard
Speaker
Display
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PHERIPERALS IN 8086
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I/O PORTS
I/O Ports Is Used For Input /Output Data
Communication
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INTERRUPT
 Disturbing main function is called interrupt
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FLAG
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 Intimation of work completed


ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION
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TIMER /COUNTER
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Difference between MP & MC
Microprocessor Microcontroller
 CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM,
I/O, timer are separate
 Designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O
ports
 Expansive
 General-purpose
 Multitasking
 CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
are all on a single chip
 Fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
 Not Expansive
 Special Purpose
 Single Task at a time
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Recap
 MP-Microprocessor
 MC-Microcontroller
 SI-Source Index
 DI-Destination Index
 SP-Stack Pointer
 Mov-Move Data
 Add – Add the data
6 August 201761

introduction to Micro Processor and Microcontroller

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