This document discusses mathematical functions in SQL Server that can perform calculations on table columns, such as SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, and COUNT. It provides examples of using these aggregate functions to find the total booty, average booty, maximum booty, minimum booty, and number of cases in a sample robberies table. The document also notes that these functions cannot be used with a WHERE clause and explains how to instead use HAVING, ANY, or IN. It describes combining aggregate functions with GROUP BY and using multiple aggregates together.