Chapter 13 programming languages and program development

Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Discovering
Computers 2012

Objectives Overview
Differentiate between
machine and assembly
languages
Identify and discuss the
purpose of procedural
programming languages,
and describe the features of
C and COBOL
Identify and discuss the
characteristics of these
object-oriented
programming languages
and program development
tools
Identify the uses of other
and program development
tools
Describe various ways to
develop Web pages
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 2See Page 663
for Detailed Objectives

Objectives Overview
Identify the uses of
popular multimedia
authoring programs
List the six steps in the
program development
life cycle
Differentiate between
structured design and
object-oriented design
Explain the basic
control structures and
design tools used in
designing solutions to
programming problems
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 3See Page 663
for Detailed Objectives

Computer Programs
and Programming Languages
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 4Pages 664 – 665
Figure 13-1

Low-Level Languages
• Machine language is
the first generation of
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 5Page 665
Figure 13-2

Low-Level Languages
• Assembly language is the
second generation of
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language
Figure 13-3

Procedural Languages
• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third-generation language (3GL)
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 7Pages 666 - 667
A compiler
translates an entire
program before
executing it
An interpreter converts
and executes one code
statement at a time

Figures 13-4 – 13-5

• The C programming language is used to write
many of today’s programs
Figure 13-6

• COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is
designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English-like statements
Figure 13-7

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
Objects can be
reused
Programmers
create applications
faster
Work well in a
RAD environment
Most program
development tools
are IDEs

• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler converts the bytecode into
machine-dependent code
Figure 13-8

• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices
• Features include:
CLR (Common
Language
Runtime)
Classes

• C++ is an extension of
the C programming
language
• C# is based on C++ and
was developed by
Microsoft
• F# combines the
benefits of an object-
oriented language with
those of a functional
language
Figure 13-9

Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of
program development tools
Visual Basic is
based on the BASIC
programming
language
Visual C++ is based
on C++
Visual C# combines
the programming
elements of C++
with an easier,
rapid-development
environment

Figure 13-10

A visual programming language is a language that
uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all
source code
Borland’s Delphi is a powerful program
development tool that is ideal for building large-
scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD
environment

Figure 13-11

• PowerBuilder is a
powerful program
development RAD tool
• Best suited for Web-
based, .NET, and large-
scale enterprise object-
oriented applications
Figure 13-12

Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL
Figure 13-13

• Classic programming languages include:
Figure 13-14
Ada ALGOL APL BASIC
Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP
Logo Modula-2 Pascal PILOT
PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk

• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
Figure 13-15

• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an
application how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
– Record the macro with a macro recorder
– Write the macro

Figure 13-16

Web Page Development
• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
Figure 13-17

• XML allows Web developers to create customized
tags and use predefined tags to display content
appropriately on various devices
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
for microbrowsers
• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM

Figure 13-18

• Web browsers can execute short programs to add
interactive elements to Web pages
• To send and receive information between your computer
and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common
gateway interface)
Scripts Applets
Servlets
ActiveX
controls

Figure 13-19

• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or
ActiveX controls using a variety of languages
JavaScript Perl PHP
Rexx Tcl VBScript

Figure 13-20

Dynamic HTML (DHTML) allows Web
developers to include more graphical
interest and interactivity
• Cascading style sheets (CSS) contain the formats for how a particular
object should be displayed
Ruby on Rails (RoR) provides technologies
for developing object-oriented, database-
driven Web sites

• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for
users to:
Share personal
information
Allow users to
modify Web site
content
Have application
software built
into the site

• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs
– An API enables programmers to interact with an
environment such as a Web site or operating system
Figure 13-21

• Web page authoring software can create
sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Dreamweaver
Expression
Web
Flash
SharePoint
Designer

Multimedia Program Development
• Multimedia authoring software allows
programmers to combine text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video in an interactive
presentation
ToolBook Director

Multimedia Program Development
Figure 13-22

Program Development
• Program development consists of a series of steps
programmers use to build computer programs
Figure 13-23

Step 1 – Analyze Requirements
• To initiate program development, programmer:
– Reviews the requirements
– Meets with the systems analyst and users
– Identifies input, processing, and output
• IPO chart
Figure 13-24

Step 2 – Design Solution
• Design a solution algorithm
• In structured design, the programmer typically
begins with a general design and moves toward a
more detailed design
• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show
program modules graphically

Figure 13-25

• With object-oriented
(OO) design, the
programmer packages
the data and the
program into a single
object
– Encapsulation
Figure 13-26

• The sequence control
structure shows one or
more actions following
each other in order
Figure 13-27

• The selection control
structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If-then-else
– Case
Figure 13-28

Figure 13-29

• The repetition control structure enables a program to
perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met
Figures 13-30 – 13-31

• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic
in a solution algorithm
Figure 13-33

• Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify
and update flowcharts
– SmartDraw
– Visio
Figure 13-34

• Pseudocode uses a
condensed form of
English to convey
program logic
Figure 13-35

• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been
adopted as a standard notation for object
modeling and development
Figure 13-37

Step 3 – Validate Design
• Check for logic errors using test data
Develop
various
sets of test
data
Determine
the
expected
result
Step
through
the
algorithm
Compare
the results
Repeat
steps for
each set of
test data

Step 4 – Implement Design
• Implementation of the design includes using a
program development tool that assists the
programmer by:
– Generating or providing some or all code
– Writing the code that translates the design into a
computer program
– Creating the user interface
• Extreme programming is a strategy where
programmers immediately begin coding and testing
solutions as soon as requirements are defined

Step 5 – Test Solution
The goal of program testing is to ensure the
program runs correctly and is error free
• Errors include syntax errors and logic errors
• Debugging the program involves removing the bugs
• A beta is a program that has most or all of its
features and functionality implemented

Step 6 – Document Solution
• In documenting the solution, the programmer
performs two activities:
Review the
program code
Review all the
documentation

Summary
Various programming
languages used to
create computer
programs
A variety of Web
development and
multimedia
development tools
Steps in the program
development life cycle
and tools used to make
this process efficient

Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Discovering
Computers 2012
Chapter 13 Complete

Chapter 13 programming languages and program development

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Chapter 13 programming languages and program development