Object recognition from image using grid based color

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 333
OBJECT RECOGNITION FROM IMAGE USING GRID BASED COLOR
MOMENTS FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD
Amit Thakur1
, Avinash Dhole 2
1
Computer Science and Engineering, 2
Professor, Computer Science and Engineering; Head, Department of Computer
Science & Engineering, 1,2 Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, INDIA,
amitthakur744@gmail.com, avi_dhole33@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Image processing is a mechanism to convert an image into digital form and perform various operations on it, in order to get an
enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. In Image processing system, it treats images as two dimensional signals
while applying number of image processing methods to them. This leads to an increasing number of generated digital images.
Therefore it is required automatic systems to recognize the objects from the images. These systems may collect the number of features
of a image and specification of image and consequently the different features of an object will identify the object from the image.
Image processing is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various aspects of a business. Image
Processing forms core research area within engineering and computer science disciplines too. Its most common and effective method
is retrieve the textual features from various methods. But most of the methods do not yield the more accurate features form the image.
So there is a requirement of an effective and efficient method for features extraction from the image. Moreover, images are rich in
content, so some approaches are proposed based on various features derived directly from the content of the image: these are the
grid-based-color-moments (GBCM) approaches. They allow users to search the desired object from image by specifying visual
features (e.g., colour, texture and shape). Once the features have been defined and extracted, the retrieval becomes a task of
measuring similarity between image features. In this paper, we have proposed a number of existing methods for GBCM applications.
Keywords- object, grid-based-color-moments (gbcm), features, feature extraction, textual features, Image Processing,
Digital form, Object Identification
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1. INTRODUCTION
Object Recognition is the task of finding a given desired object
in an image sequence or video sequence [1]. Thus object
recognition is a problem of matching features from a database
with extracted representations from the image dataset. So
Object recognition is concerned with determining the identity
of an object being observed in the image from a set of known
labels [7]. Oftentimes, it is assumed that the object being
observed has been detected or there is a single Object in the
image [5].
Object recognition is one of the most fascinating abilities that
humans easily possess since childhood. With a simple glance of
an object, humans are able to tell its identity or category despite
of the appearance variation due to change in pose, illumination,
texture, deformation, and under occlusion. Furthermore,
humans can easily generalize from observing a set of objects to
recognizing objects that have never been seen before. For
example, kids are able to generalize the concept of “chair" or
“cup" after seeing just a few examples [3].
Color moments analysis (CMA) is a very popular and effective
for color-based image analysis [1]. It is especially important for
classification of images based on color, texture properties, face
recognition, image retrieval, and identification of Image angle
at various degrees. Here we will discuss the basic methodology
to calculate CMs of a given image and sample code. Color
moments to be calculated are in fact statistical moments.
An image has to be partitioned into sub-blocks. Deciding
optimal number of sub-blocks is a qualitative question and has
to be decided as per the type of the application. In general, at
least 7*7 and not more than 9*9 is a good choice. Here we
partition an image using 9*9 sub-blocks. This gives total of 81
blocks [8].
Since any color distribution can be characterized by its
moments and most information is concentrated on the low-
order moments, only the first moment (mean), the second
moment (variance) and the third moment (skewness) are taken
as the feature vectors [2]. The similarity between two color
moments is measured by the Euclidean distance. Two similar
images will have high similarity [6]. However, if two images
have only a similar sub-region, their corresponding moments
will be different and the similarity measure will be low.
Color moments are measures that can be used differentiate
images based on their features of color. Once calculated, these

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moments provide a measurement for color similarity between
images [4].These values of similarity can then be compared to
the values of images indexed in a database for tasks like image
retrieval [1]. The basis of color moments lays in the assumption
that the distribution of color in an image can be interpreted as a
probability distribution [8].Probability distributions are
characterized by a number of unique moments (e.g. Normal
distributions are differentiated by their mean and variance). It
therefore follows that if the color in an image follows a certain
probability distribution, the moments of that distribution can
then be used as features to identify that image based on color
[9].Moments are calculated for each of these channels in an
image. An image therefore is characterized by 9 moments- 3
moments for each 3 color channels.
Section 1 throws lights on the introduction of image processing
and object recognition. Section 2 explains about the related
researches that have been done in the field of object
identification. Section 3 covers the problem statement that has
been proposed. Many papers and researches have been put in
front for object recognition. Section 4 details with the
experimental set up and result. And at last section, it focuses on
the conclusion and future scope.
2. RELATED RESEARCH
Many scholars have published tons of research work on object
recognition techniques and methods. Mas Rina Mustaffa,
Fatimah Ahmad, Rahmita Wirza O.K. Rahmat, Ramlan
Mahmod presented context baesd image retrieval based on
color spatial features [2]. Jau-Ling Shih and Ling-Hwei Chen
gave a way of Color Image Retrieval Based on Primitives of
Color Moments [3]. They have concluded and proposed a new
color image retrieval method based on primitives of color
moments.David G. Lowe introduced Object Recognition from
Local Scale-Invariant Features [4]. J F Dale Addison, Stefan
Wermter, and Garen Z Arevian presented texts upon the
comparison of various feature extraction techniques and
selection techniques [5]. Noah Keen focused upon the color
moments of am Image [6].
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problem statement is to classify the image‟s object into
certain classes using the rich set of datasets of various features
of image. Till now the datasets of object‟s features are not
clearly identified [1].We have identified more than 15
properties to extract the features of object. This will help to
increase the possibilities and efficiency for identifying the
objects from an image. The relationship among the various
models is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig 1: Feature Extraction Process
Proposed systems collect the number of features of a image and
specification of image and consequently the different features
of an object will identify the object from the image. As the
number of properties increase lead to increase in the efficiency
and correctness in object identification. The main task is to
choose the highly matched data sets and hence the object in the
image.
4. PROBLEM SOLVING USING GBCM
METHOD
Fig 2: Various stages of object recognition
process
4.1 FEATURE EXTRACTION
In this paper, we have proposed a new method for solving
object recognition problem. We will define the i-th color
channel at the j-th image pixel as Pij
Acquiring Image
Test the Image with Trained Data
Sets
Feature Extraction
Image Classification Using SVM
Object Recognition

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The three color moments can then be defined as:
Mean :
Mean can be understood as the average color value in the image
.
Standard Deviation:
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance of the
distribution.
Skewness :
Skewness can be understood as a measure of the degree of asy
mmetry in the distribution.
Many other image properties have been introduced for better
performance of the system. Those are listed as below:
 Auto Correlation
 Contrast
 Energy
 Entropy
 Homogeneity
 Sum Variance
 Sum Average
 Difference Entropy
 Maximum Probability
 Dissimilarity
 Cluster Prominence
GBCM():
Here GBCM() function has been using to extract the three
features i.e. Mean, Standard Deviation and Skewness of an
image. Here variable „i‟ is used for loop iteration.
GBCM((i-1)*9+1) = mean(reshape(block(:,:,1), 1, []));
GBCM((i-1)*9+2) = std(reshape(block(:,:,1), 1, []))^2;
GBCM((i-1)*9+3) = skewness(reshape(block(:,:,1), 1, []));
reshape():
B = reshape(A,m,n) returns the m-by-n matrix B whose
elements are taken column-wise from A. An error results if A
does not have m*n elements.
4.2 CLASSIFICATION USING SVM
Support vector machine are supervised learning models with
associated learning algorithms that analyse data and recognize
patterns, used for classification and regression analysis [7].
Fig 3: The SVM Algorithm
SVM object can be created in one of two ways - an existing
SVM can be loaded from a file, or a new SVM can be created a
trained on a dataset. Support Vector Machines (SVM) has
recently gained prominence in the ﬁeld of machine learning and
pattern classification [8].Given a set of training examples, each
marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training
algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples into one
category or the other. An SVM model is a representation of the
examples as points in space, mapped so that the examples of
the separate categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide
as possible. New examples are then mapped into that same
space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side
of the gap they fall on.
Fig 4: Block Diagram of SVM
The datasets are provided to the SVM Classifier as an input and
consequently the classified objects are produced as an output.
5. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND RESULT
Comparing
Each Input to Training Data
Input Data
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Output
Model
Fig 5: Comparing testing data with trained data
Data
Sets
SVM
Classifier
Classified
Object

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First of all Input data are considered, each input data are
compared with training data that can be up to „n‟ numbers.
Now the result obtained from training data set that is the
maximum match found is passed into a next stage where
collaboration of data sets are done and finally the result
obtained from collaboration are passed into next stage which is
called as output model. Finally output model is created.
In our system, number of images has been through to the
MATLAB programs. We have prepared training data sets for
images of different types and 18 features have been extracted.
In our project around 50 training data images have been tested
with trained data sets and for testing 20 images have been
inputted to SVM program in order to test the final result and at
last output efficiency has been observed in percentage as 81%.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper we have focused on the different type of Feature
Extraction Techniques and applied to the input training data
sets. In future more techniques can be involved for better
efficiency and result. There are many more complex
modifications we can make to the images. For example, you
can apply a variety of filters to the image. The filters use
mathematical algorithms to modify the image. Some filters are
easy to use, while others require a great deal of technical
knowledge. There are lots of possibilities in the fields of image
processing. There are number of algorithms in pre-processing
of images.
REFERENCES
[1] SWAIN,M. and BALLARD,D.: “Color indexing,”
International Journal of Computer Vision, 1991, 7, (1), pp.
11-32ology, 9(2):49-6 1, 1992.
[2] Mas Rina Mustaffa, Fatimah Ahmad, Rahmita Wirza O.K.
Rahmat, Ramlan Mahmod, “CONTENT-BASED IMAGE
RETRIEVAL BASED ON COLOR-SPATIAL
FEATURES”, Malaysian Journal of Computer Science,
Vol. 21(1), 2008.
[3] Jau-Ling Shih and Ling-Hwei Chen, “Color Image
Retrieval Based on Primitives of Color Moments”, 1001
Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu, Taiwan 30050, R.O.C., May
2011.
[4] David G. Lowe, “Object Recognition from Local Scale-
Invariant Features”, Proc. of the International Conference
on Computer Vision, Corfu (Sept. 1999).
[5] J F Dale Addison, Stefan Wermter, Garen Z Arevian, “A
comparison of feature exctraction and selection
Techniques”, International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975-8887), vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 36-40,
November 2010.
[6] Noah Keen, “Color Moments”, February 10, 2005.
[7] CHRISTOPHER J.C. BURGES, “A Tutorial on Support
Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition”, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston. Manufactured in The
Netherlands.
[8] V. N. Vapnik. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory.
Springer, New York, 2nd
edition, 2000.
[9] S. V. N. Vishwanathan and M. Narasimha Murty.
Geometric SVM: A fast and intuitive SVM algorithm.
Technical Report IISC-CSA-2001-14,Dept. of CSA, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, November 2001.
Submitted to ICPR 2002.
[10] J. Pradeep, E, Shrinivasan, S. Himavathi “ Diagonal based
feature extraction for handwritten character recognition
system using neural network”, IEEE, 20011.
BIOGRAPHIES:
Amit Thakur received the B.E. From Pt.
RSU Raipur(C.G.) India in Computer
Science & Engineering in the year 2006.
He is currently pursuing M.Tech. Degree
in Computer Science Engineering from
CSVTU Bhilai (C.G.), India. He is
currently working as Assistant Professor
with the Department of Computer Science
& Engineering in BIT, Raipur (C.G.)
India. His research areas include Feature Extraction, Pattern
Recognition, and Image Processing etc.
Avinash Dhole is Professor of Computer
Science & Engineering and Head of
Computer Science & Engineering
Department at Raipur Institute of
Technology, Raipur (C.G.) India. He has
obtained his M.Tech. degree in Computer
Science & Engineering from RCET,
Bhilai, India in 2005. He has published
over 15 Papers in various reputed National & International
Journals, Conferences, and Seminars. He is serving his duties
as faculty in Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical
University, Bhilai, India (A State Government University). His
area of research includes Operating Systems, Editors & IDEs,
Information System Design & Development, Software
Engineering, Modelling & Simulation, Operations Research,
etc.

Object recognition from image using grid based color

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