Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Based PV Array to Produce Electric Energy

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Based PV Array to Produce
Electric Energy
Durgesh Kumar Sahu1, Mr. Chitransh Tiwari2, Mrs. Seema Mishra3
1 M.Tech scholar, Electrical Department, RSR Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
2Assistant Professor, Electrical Department, RSR, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
3 Assistant Professor, Electrical department, RSR Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
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Abstract - The isolated DC microgrid isindependentfromthe
power grid. It consists of distributed energy sources (DER) in
the form of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, as well as batteries
and connected loads. The goal of this concept is to meet the
growing demand for energy. Until now, countries like India
have used conventional energy sources, which are in limited
supply. To balance the growing demand for energy, the best
way is to switch to renewable sources for energy production.
Also in dark areas where it is almost impossible to transport
electricity, this concept of an isolated DC microgrid can be
implemented to electrify remote areas. Another advantage is
that; earn carbon credits. The whole system includes a
photovoltaic generator, an MPPT (Maximum Power Point
Tracking) algorithm and a battery to maintain the voltage
level because the nature of solar energy is intermittent as the
glare from the sun fluctuates each time. This is achieved using
the MPPT charge controller. The electronically operated DC-
DC converter is MPPT, which standsforMaximumPowerPoint
Tracking. MPPT controller improves solar and battery power.
It also protects the battery from overcharging, thusprotecting
the battery. The voltage obtained from MPPT is DC voltage
and is used for the operation of the AC charging inverter
circuit. This article presents an MPPT design using the
observation and disturbance method.
Key Words: PV solar array, Battery, Load, MPPT charge
controller, Arduino.
1. INTRODUCTION
A MicroGrid (MG) is a small power grid designed for the
reliable and massive integration of distributed generation
(DG) at the low-voltage level, especially renewable energy
(photovoltaic (PV)andwind (WT)systems),low-techcarbon
(fuel cell (FC) [1]. However, theintegration ofenergystorage
systems (ESS) in MG is necessary since they are the main
responsible for compensation of energy balances [2]. AnMG
is a flexible network and can connect to the main network or
operate as an island [1], [3]. An example of MG AC is shown
in FIG. 1. Includes micro sources (MS) (photovoltaic system
(PVS), wind turbine and fuel cell), ESS, loads (controllable
and uncontrollable) and electric vehicle (EV). The
connection to the main network is controlled by the
intelligent switch (IS). In case of malfunction or unforeseen
events in the core network, the IS transparently disconnects
the MG from the core network [4]
The first technical literature for microgrid was first
proposed in and as a solution to integration problem of
renewable energy resources (RESs) in a Microgrid (MG)[4].
A number of definitions based on different control aspects
and type of sources connected to MGs are available; here, an
MG can be defined as a local or a small scale energy grid at
distribution side having control capabilities within. An MG
can work while connected with the main grid (grid-
connected mode) or without a grid connected to it (Islanded
mode).Rural and remote areas already suffer from load
shading issues due to lack of electricity or small-scale
independent power systems, such as diesel generator-based
power systems, typically without renewable energy sources
to provide the required power.
The integrated renewable energy system is used to provide
dark areas with a more sustainable form of energy
[5].Therefore, a small unit of such a power system,knownas
a microgrid or mini-grid, could be seenasa viablesolutionto
maintain the progress of power supply in remote areas for
critical loads, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. ,
increasing the carbon credits obtained through efficiency.
use of available renewable resources.Themicrogridisa low-
voltage transmission network that can be connected to the
grid or an isolated off-grid system.
Photovoltaic panels are connected in series and parallel to
provide the necessary voltage and power. The efficiency of
the solar photovoltaic generator is low because the sun is
intermittent in nature. Therefore, it is necessary to increase
the efficiency and maintain a constant voltage. The nature of
solar energy is continuous in nature. It can be settodifferent
power levels to adjust the output between the panel and the
battery using the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)
charge controller to maximize the efficiency of the solar
panel and also protect the battery from overheating.
Therefore, this article aims to increase the efficiency of
photovoltaic solar panels using MPPT charge controller.
MPPT techniques are used to get maximum power from the
PV array, while many DC-DC converter topologies are used
to transfer maximum power from PV modules to batteries.
Different modes of MPPT have been proposed,for instance.
open-circuit voltage methods,short-circuitcurrentmethods,
fuzzy logic technique, disturbance and observation (P&O),
incremental conductance (IC) technique. Among the

different MPPT modes, the Perturbation and Observation
(P&O) technique produces excellent results and is relatively
easy to implement and use [6]. This work consists of the
design of the MPPT charge controller using a DC-DC step-
down converter. The converter is controlled by arduino.
Figure 1: Example of an AC microgrid
2. BACKGROUND
All tropical countries are endowed with good natural
resources. Solar power, wind power, tidal power,
hydropower are some examples.
As for India, it has 34 solar parks in 24 states whose energy
can be used in many fields, such as agriculture, for industrial
purposes, or for some household appliances separately in
rural or urban areas. It also holds the record for the world's
largest rooftop solar installation of 12.5 MW in Punjab [7].
The other sources such as wind power, tidal power and
hydroelectric power are widely used in some parts of the
country.
Considering India, it has 34 solar parks in 24 states, the
energy of which can be used everywhere in many fields like
in agriculture, for industrial useorforsomehomeappliances
separately in rural or urban areas [8]. It also held record of
world’s largest solar roof top installation of 12.5MW in
Punjab [9]. The other resources like wind energy, tidal
energy, hydro power energy are widely used in some of the
country.
3. STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW
3.1 PV ARRAY
The solar model consists of many photovoltaic cells in
parallel and series connection and thisentirerepresentation
constitutes the PV array [10]. The PN junction is formed by
these cells made up of silicon crystals, thereby forming the
semiconductor wherein the electrons move freely to
combine with the holes to form electron-hole pairs. This
process of electron-hole pair generation leads to the
formation of depletion region (also known as space charge
region) which is deprived of any charge carriers .
Figure 2 : Photovoltaic Solar Array
Photovoltaic cells and panels convert the solar energy into
direct-current (DC) electricity. The connection of the solar
panels in a single photovoltaic array is same as thatofthePV
cells in a single panel.
The panels in an array can be electricallyconnectedtogether
in either a series, a parallel, or a mixture of the two, but
generally a series connection is chosen to give an increased
output voltage[11]. For example, when two solar panels are
wired together in series, their voltage is doubled while the
current remains the same.
The size of a photovoltaic array can consist of a few
individual PV modules or panels connected together in an
urban environment and mounted on a rooftop, or may
consist of many hundreds of PV panels interconnected
together in a field to supply power for a whole town or
neighborhood [12]. The flexibility of the modular
photovoltaic array (PV system) allows designers to create
solar power systems that can meet a wide variety of
electrical needs, no matter how large or small.
It is important to note that photovoltaic panels or modules
from different manufacturers should not be mixed together
in a single array, even if their power, voltage or current
outputs are nominally similar [13]. This is because
differences in the solar cell I-V characteristic curves as well
as their spectral response are likely to cause additional
mismatch losses within the array, thereby reducing its
overall efficiency.
3.2 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
An MPPT, or maximum power point tracker is an electronic
DC to DC converter that optimizes the match between the
solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank or utility grid.
To put it simply, they convert a higher voltage DC output
from solar panels (and a few wind generators) down to the
lower voltage needed to charge batteries
Maximum Power Point Tracking is electronic tracking -
usually digital. The charge controller looks at the output of
the panels and compares it to the battery voltage. It then
figures out what is the best power that the panel can put out

to charge the battery. It takes this and converts it to best
voltage to get maximum AMPS into the battery. (Remember,
it is Amps into the battery thatcounts).MostmodernMPPT's
are around 93-97% efficient in the conversion. You typically
get a 20 to 45% power gain in winter and 10-15% in
summer. Actual gain can vary widely depending weather,
temperature, battery state of charge, and other factors.
MPPT serves the purpose of tracking the solar energy to
achieve maximum power from the PV system. The various
types of MPPT are listed below [5]:
1) Perturb and Observe
2) Incremental conductance
3) Fractional short circuit current
4) Fractional open circuit voltage
5) Fuzzy Logic
6) Neutral Network
A specific algorithm to be used depends upon the nature of
complexity and time taken to track the maximum power. In
this representation, perturb and observe method is used
using MATLAB/ Simulink [14].
Perturb and Observe
In this technique, as the name suggests, perturbation and
observation is done to get the MPP. A perturbationisdoneto
vary the output power of the PV module by periodically
measuring it and comparing with the previous power. If the
output decreases, then the perturbation is reversed or else
the same process is repeated. If the power is increased due
to increase in voltage, the operating point is on the left of
Maximum Power Point and thus, thePVmodulewill perform
further perturbations on the right to reach the MPP.
Contrarily, if the power is decreased due to increase in
voltage, the operating point is on the right of the Maximum
Power Point and thus, perturbations will be performed on
the left to reach the MPP [15, 16]. The process flow chart
adopted is shown in the figure below. The MPPT charge
controller linked between the PV module and the battery
plays an important role of measuring the array and battery
voltages. It also detects when the battery is completely
charged and protects it from over charging [17, 18].
Similarly, when the battery is not charged completely, it
activates the converter circuittochargethe battery.Thenew
power, P(new) is measured by the microcontroller and
compares it with the previous power P(old). If P(new) is
greater than P(old), then the maximum power is extracted
from the PV panel by increasing the PWM duty cycle.
Conversely, when the P(new) is less than P(old), then the
system is moved back to the previous maximum limit by
decreasing the duty cycle. Hence, this method is simple to
effectuate with very little complexitiesand withlowcost [19,
20].
Figure 3: MPPT Algorithm.
The load and PV array will interface with each other if there
is tunable matching network present beetween them then
mppt operate accurately. As we can see in fig .3 below are
the main portions of PV cell are power stage and controller.
For switching on power stage DC to DC converter are used.
In this case we are using Buck converter which is connected
to PV array for employing PWM control .
For maximum exactraction of power from PV array the
control parameter is duty ratio which is δ, utilized for
tunning of the network.
Fig.3. MPPT with PV system.
The characteristic graphs of MPPT and PV array are
shown in below fig.4. Which give us the maximum
operating point in both the cases, like in P-Vcurve and I-V
curve.
There are varies method of MPPT techniques listed
below. The necessity of MPPT used here is dealing with
volatge parameter, absence of periodic tunning, easy in
implementation and should have instant changing
convergence speed . These all conditions are fulfiiled by
Perturb and Observe method from all MPPT techniques.

TABLE 1: Characteristic Comparison Of Different MPPT
Techniques
MPPT
Techniques
Convergen
ce speed
Implementa
tion
complexity
Periodic
tunning
Sensed
Para-
meters
Perturb and
Observe
Varies Low No Voltage
Incremental
conductance
Varies Medium No Voltage,
current
Fractional
Voc
Medium Low Yes Voltage
Fractional Ioc Medium Medium Yes Current
Fuzzy Logic Fast High Yes Varies
Neutral
Network
Fast High Yes Varies
Figure 4: Interfacing graph of PV and MPPT.
3.3 BOOST CONVERTER
Figure 5 : Boost Converter Circuit Diagram
DC-DC converters are also known as Choppers. Here
we will have a look at the Step Up Chopper or Boost
converter which increases the input DC voltage to a
specified DC output voltage. A typical Boost converter is
shown below.
The buck device could be a terribly straightforward
style of DC to DC converter that producesanoutputvoltage
that’s but its input . The buck device, because the name
suggests “bucks” or acts against the input voltage. The
output voltage of a perfect buck device is adequate to the
merchandise of the change duty cycle and therefore the
provide voltage [22]. The dc to dc device is employed to
step down the 18 volts obtained from the PV array to 12
volts which fits to the resistances circuit [24, 25].
3.4 INVERTER
Inverter is a basically a device that converter the
electricity derived from a DC source to AC source [28]. The
converter is totally based on the application. In a solar
energy system, as an example, the ability hold on by
batteries charged by star panels is born-again to
straightforward AC power by the electrical converter, that
provides the ability toplug-inshopsandalternative normal
120 volts [24].
Figure 6: Inverter Circuit Diagram
3.5 WORKING
In the isolated dc micro grid the working is totally based on
the block which we have studied above. When sun rays of
the sun hits on the solar panel then the MPPT gets activated
and collect the good amount of energy coming from sun.The
MPPT will send this charge to the voltage divider for
stepping down the voltage, as arduino require voltage only
up to 5V and the output voltage getting from thesolaris18V.
These all rating are displayed on the LDCdisplay.Theoutput
from the arduino is given to the inverter and then to the
transformer and finally to load. This process takes place at
the day time. At night, the voltage remains after dividing the
voltage is get stored in the battery which is connected to
MMPT device. So at the day time battery get charged form
the sun and stored energy, and the night when no sun
available the charged battery canbeusedfromtheconsumer
[3]. This is method to generate a separate and independent
source of electricity to the remote parts.

Figure 7: Basic Block Diagram of MPPT PV Array
As the concept is completely based on renewable
source of energy i.e. solar energy, this idea can be extended
at a great level in future. Taking as an example, India
receives all over 5000 trillion kWh of pure solar energyeach
year which is excessively more than the electricity
consumption of the country. The geographical location of
India will help to implement moresuchprojectsbasedonthe
renewable source of energy. It will help diminish the
problems of frequent power outages and discontinuity of
supply. It is also reliable and has cost benefits. The cost will
mainly be dependent on the development and installation,
storage of energy as well as on the automation of grid. The
barriers to overcome are monitoring and control, storage
and alternative generation source, cost collection, site
identification, changing weather, etc.
4. LIMITATION
 In rainy season the irradiation of solar would
fluctuated, which may affect the efficiency of
MPPT output.
 Even after achieving the MPP, the system will
still perform perturbations to achieve another
maximum point.
 In a circumstance where the irradiance changes
rapidly, the MPP likewise proceed onward the
correct hand side of the bend [4].
5. CONCLUSIONS
Since, major parts of India have not been electrified yet, this
project will provide with an alternate solution to use
electricity without any interruptions. Theimplementation is
simple and hence, ease of use is collateral.
The coordination of various components used enables high
efficiency and a sense of getting electricity independently
and using it judiciously.
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