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● Computer programming is the process of
  creating software through the use of logic,
  algorithms, and programming language
● Programmers use a program code to make
  software
● Program code : a set of instructions that
  signal the CPU to perform circuit witching
  operations




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● A language designed for writing system
  software
● It offers more direct access to the physical
  hardware of the machine
● System Software : Operating System,
  Language Processor & System Utilities
● Major System Programming Languages
   ○ C, C++, ESPOL, PL/I, BLISS




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● A language designed for writing application
  software
● Application Software : Payroll system,
  Inventory System, Attendance System etc.
● Major Application Programming Languages
   ○ C, C++, VB.NET, Java, etc.




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● Procedural Programming
  Languages
● Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the program
  must complete to reach the desired state.
● Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to complete, and
  an ending point. This approach is also known as imperative
  programming.
● Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept of a
  procedure call. Procedures, also known as functions, subroutines, or
  methods, are small sections of code that perform a particular function.
● Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured programming,
  where all of the code resides in a single large block.
● It splits the programmatic tasks into small pieces, procedural
  programming allows a section of code to be re-used in the program
  without making multiple copies.
● It also makes it easier for programmers to understand and maintain
  program structure.
● Two of the most popular procedural programming languages are
  FORTRAN and BASIC.
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● Structured Programming
  Languages
● Structured programming is a special type of procedural
  programming. It provides additional tools to manage the
  problems that larger programs were creating.
● Structured programming requires that programmers break
  program structure into small pieces of code that are easily
  understood.
● It also frowns upon the use of global variables and instead
  uses variables local to each subroutine.
● One of the well known features of structural programming is
  that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement. It is
  often associated with a “top-down” approach to design.
● The most popular structured programming languages include
  C, Ada, and Pascal.

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● Object-Oriented Programming
  Languages
● Object-oriented programming is one the newest and
  most powerful paradigms.
● In object oriented programs, the designer specifies both
  the data structures and the types of operations that can
  be applied to those data structures.
● This pairing of a piece of data with the operations that
  can be performed on it is known as an object.
● A program thus becomes a collection of cooperating
  objects, rather than a list of instructions.
● Objects can store state information and interact with
  other objects, but generally each object has a distinct,
  limited role.

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● Low Level Programming Language
  ○ Machine Language
  ○ Assembly Language
● High Level Programming Language




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● Low Level       Machine Language
● Computer understand only a language that is
  known as “Machine Language”
● It consists of set of instructions in form of ‘1s’
  and ‘0s’
● Example of Machine Instruction
    ○ 1110001110000
● It is difficult for human to read and write machine
  language




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● i) It makes fast and efficient use of the
  computer.
● ii) It requires no translator to translate the
  code i.e.Directly understood by the computer




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● i) All operation codes have to be
  remembered
● ii) All memory addresses have to be
  remembered.
● iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in a
  program written
● In the machine language
● iv) These languages are machine dependent
  i.e. a particular
● Machine language can be used on only one
  type of computer


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● Inconveniences of machine language.
● Assembly language in which operation codes
  and operands are given in the form of
  alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s.
● These alphanumeric symbols will be known as
  mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to
  5 letter combination
   ○ e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,
     LABEL etc.
● Because of this feature it is also known as
  ‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This
  language is also very difficult and needs a lot of
  practice to master it because very small

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● Advantages of Assembly Language
     i) It is easier to understand and use as
     compared to machine language.
     ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors.
iii) It is modified easily
  ● Disadvantages of Assembly Language
     i) Like machine language it is also machine
     dependent.
     ii) Knowledge of hardware required




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● High level computer languages give formats
  close to English language and the purpose of
  developing.
● It enables people to write programs easily and in
  their own native language environment
  (English).
● High-level languages are basically symbolic
  languages that use English words and/or
  mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic
  codes.
● Each instruction in the high level language is
  translated into many machine language
  instructions thus showing one-to-many
  translation
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● Readablity
● Portability
● Easy Debugging
● Easy Software Development




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Computer programming programming_langugages

  • 2. ● Computer programming is the process of creating software through the use of logic, algorithms, and programming language ● Programmers use a program code to make software ● Program code : a set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit witching operations www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 3. ● A language designed for writing system software ● It offers more direct access to the physical hardware of the machine ● System Software : Operating System, Language Processor & System Utilities ● Major System Programming Languages ○ C, C++, ESPOL, PL/I, BLISS www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 4. ● A language designed for writing application software ● Application Software : Payroll system, Inventory System, Attendance System etc. ● Major Application Programming Languages ○ C, C++, VB.NET, Java, etc. www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 5. ● Procedural Programming Languages ● Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the program must complete to reach the desired state. ● Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to complete, and an ending point. This approach is also known as imperative programming. ● Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept of a procedure call. Procedures, also known as functions, subroutines, or methods, are small sections of code that perform a particular function. ● Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured programming, where all of the code resides in a single large block. ● It splits the programmatic tasks into small pieces, procedural programming allows a section of code to be re-used in the program without making multiple copies. ● It also makes it easier for programmers to understand and maintain program structure. ● Two of the most popular procedural programming languages are FORTRAN and BASIC. www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 6. ● Structured Programming Languages ● Structured programming is a special type of procedural programming. It provides additional tools to manage the problems that larger programs were creating. ● Structured programming requires that programmers break program structure into small pieces of code that are easily understood. ● It also frowns upon the use of global variables and instead uses variables local to each subroutine. ● One of the well known features of structural programming is that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement. It is often associated with a “top-down” approach to design. ● The most popular structured programming languages include C, Ada, and Pascal. www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 7. ● Object-Oriented Programming Languages ● Object-oriented programming is one the newest and most powerful paradigms. ● In object oriented programs, the designer specifies both the data structures and the types of operations that can be applied to those data structures. ● This pairing of a piece of data with the operations that can be performed on it is known as an object. ● A program thus becomes a collection of cooperating objects, rather than a list of instructions. ● Objects can store state information and interact with other objects, but generally each object has a distinct, limited role. www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 8. ● Low Level Programming Language ○ Machine Language ○ Assembly Language ● High Level Programming Language www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 9. ● Low Level Machine Language ● Computer understand only a language that is known as “Machine Language” ● It consists of set of instructions in form of ‘1s’ and ‘0s’ ● Example of Machine Instruction ○ 1110001110000 ● It is difficult for human to read and write machine language www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 10. ● i) It makes fast and efficient use of the computer. ● ii) It requires no translator to translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the computer www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 11. ● i) All operation codes have to be remembered ● ii) All memory addresses have to be remembered. ● iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written ● In the machine language ● iv) These languages are machine dependent i.e. a particular ● Machine language can be used on only one type of computer www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 12. ● Inconveniences of machine language. ● Assembly language in which operation codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s. ● These alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combination ○ e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START, LABEL etc. ● Because of this feature it is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it because very small www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 13. ● Advantages of Assembly Language i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language. ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors. iii) It is modified easily ● Disadvantages of Assembly Language i) Like machine language it is also machine dependent. ii) Knowledge of hardware required www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 14. ● High level computer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose of developing. ● It enables people to write programs easily and in their own native language environment (English). ● High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. ● Each instruction in the high level language is translated into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many translation www.eshikshak.co.in
  • 15. ● Readablity ● Portability ● Easy Debugging ● Easy Software Development www.eshikshak.co.in