C Programming Language Part 9

Feb 4, 20170 likes165 views

The document contains 5 code snippets demonstrating the use of various C functions: 1) A program that calculates the sum of 1/n from n=1 to 10 using a cast to convert n to a float. 2) A program that gets a single character input and prints a message based on the input. 3) A program that tests if a character is a letter, digit or other character using isalpha and isdigit functions. 4) A program that converts a character to uppercase if lowercase and vice versa using islower, toupper, tolower. 5) A program that converts a character to lowercase if uppercase and vice versa using isupper, tolower, toupper.

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float sum ;
int n ;
sum = 0 ;
for( n = 1 ; n <= 10 ; ++n )
{
sum = sum + 1/(float)n ;
printf("%2d %6.4fn", n, sum) ;
}
}
PROGRAM SHOWING THE USE OF A CAST

The program in shows the use of getchar function in an interactive environment.
The program displays a question of YES/NO type to the user and reads the user's
response in a single character (Y or N). If the response is Y, it outputs the message
My name is BUSY BEE
otherwise, outputs.
You are good for nothing

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char answer;
printf("Would you like to know my name?n");
printf("Type Y for YES and N for NO: ");
answer = getchar(); /* .... Reading a character...*/
if(answer == 'Y' || answer == 'y')
printf("nnMy name is BUSY BEEn");
else
printf("nnYou are good for nothingn");
}

The program of requests the user to enter a character and displays a message
on the screen telling the user whether the character is an alphabet or digit,
or any other special character
This program receives a character from the keyboard and tests whether
it is a letter or digit and prints out a message accordingly.
These tests are done with the help of the following functions:
isalpha(character)
isdigit(character)
For example, isalpha assumes a value non-zero (TRUE) if the argument character
contains an alphabet; otherwise it assumes 0 (FALSE). Similar is the case with the
function isdigit

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
main()
{
char character;
printf("Press any keyn");
character = getchar();
if (isalpha(character) > 0)
printf("The character is a letter.");
else
if (isdigit (character) > 0)
printf("The character is a digit.");
else
printf("The character is not alphanumeric.");
}

The program uses three new functions: islower, toupper, and tolower. The function
islower is
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
main()
{
char alphabet;
printf("Enter an alphabet");
putchar('n'); /* move to next line */
alphabet = getchar();
if (islower(alphabet))
putchar(toupper(alphabet));
else
putchar(tolower(alphabet));
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
main()
{
char alphabet;
printf("Enter an alphabet");
putchar('n'); /* move to next line */
alphabet = getchar();
if (isupper(alphabet))
putchar(tolower(alphabet));
else
putchar(toupper(alphabet));
}

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Tokens are the basic building blocks of C language that are combined to write C programs. There are six types of tokens: keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. A C program consists of various tokens, where a token can be a keyword, identifier, constant, string literal, special symbol, or operator. For example, the statement "printf("welcome here\n");" contains five tokens - printf, (, "welcome here\n", ), and ;.

What is identifier c programmingRumman Ansari

Identifiers are names given to variables, functions, and other user-defined items in a program to uniquely identify them. Identifiers must be different from keywords and other identifiers. They can include letters, digits, and underscores but must begin with a letter or underscore. Common examples of identifiers are variable and function names like roll_no and average. Identifiers are case-sensitive and allow programmers to reference specific program elements like variables during execution.

What is keyword in c programmingRumman Ansari

Keywords are predefined reserved words in C that have special meanings and cannot be used as variable or constant names. Some common keywords include int, float, if, else, while, and return. Keywords are used to define variables and functions and control program flow. This document provides examples of how keywords like int and float declare variable types and return is used to exit a function. It also lists all the keywords allowed in the ANSI C standard.

Type casting in c programmingRumman Ansari

Type casting is converting a variable from one data type to another. It is done explicitly using a cast operator like (type_name). It is best to cast to a higher data type to avoid data loss as casting to a lower type may truncate the value. There are two types of casting in C - implicit casting which happens automatically during assignment, and explicit casting which requires a cast operator. Implicit casting is done when assigning a value to a compatible type while explicit casting is needed when types are incompatible.

C Programming Language Step by Step Part 3Rumman Ansari

C ProgrammingRumman Ansari

The document contains code snippets and flowcharts for C programming problems including calculating the area of a triangle, finding the average of three numbers, checking if a number is less than 10, converting Celsius to Fahrenheit, solving a quadratic equation, checking if a year is a leap year, swapping values of two variables, adding and multiplying matrices, adding numbers, finding the largest of three numbers using arrays, printing numbers using do-while and while loops, finding the largest and smallest of three numbers, adding two numbers with call by value, evaluating factorial without and with recursion.

Tail recursionRumman Ansari

Tail recursion is when a recursive call is the last thing executed by a function. This allows the call stack to reuse stack frames rather than building up the call stack, avoiding stack overflow issues. A tail recursive function calculates results as it goes rather than waiting to return from recursive calls. This optimization makes tail recursive functions more efficient than regular recursive functions in terms of speed and memory usage.

Tail Recursion in data structureRumman Ansari

Tail recursion is a type of recursion where the recursive call is the last thing executed by the function. This allows the compiler to optimize recursion by reusing the stack frame rather than allocating a new one for each recursive call. The key advantage is that tail recursive functions can process recursive problems of any size without overflowing the stack. Some examples show how a factorial function can be written iteratively using tail recursion, avoiding wasting memory on multiple stack frames.

Spyware manualRumman Ansari

This document discusses different types of spyware, how it works, and its impacts. It defines spyware as programs installed without permission that can monitor internet activity and send information to third parties. Spyware is classified into different categories like malware, adware, tracking cookies, and keyloggers that can steal personal data. The document traces the early history of the term spyware in 1995 and provides examples of well-known spyware programs like Gator and Cydoor. It also describes how spyware infects computers and the security risks to users, before discussing techniques to prevent spyware infections.

Linked listRumman Ansari

The document discusses the disadvantages of arrays and advantages of linked lists. Arrays are static structures that cannot be easily extended or reduced for the data set, and maintaining new insertions and deletions in arrays is expensive. Linked lists are dynamic data structures where each element is a separate object that can grow and shrink on demand. While linked lists allow for easier insertion and deletion and more efficient memory utilization compared to arrays, directly accessing individual elements requires traversing from the head, unlike arrays.

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1. Part 9 Special case

2. #include <stdio.h> main() { float sum ; int n ; sum = 0 ; for( n = 1 ; n <= 10 ; ++n ) { sum = sum + 1/(float)n ; printf("%2d %6.4fn", n, sum) ; } } PROGRAM SHOWING THE USE OF A CAST

3. The program in shows the use of getchar function in an interactive environment. The program displays a question of YES/NO type to the user and reads the user's response in a single character (Y or N). If the response is Y, it outputs the message My name is BUSY BEE otherwise, outputs. You are good for nothing

4. #include<stdio.h> main() { char answer; printf("Would you like to know my name?n"); printf("Type Y for YES and N for NO: "); answer = getchar(); /* .... Reading a character...*/ if(answer == 'Y' || answer == 'y') printf("nnMy name is BUSY BEEn"); else printf("nnYou are good for nothingn"); }

5. The program of requests the user to enter a character and displays a message on the screen telling the user whether the character is an alphabet or digit, or any other special character This program receives a character from the keyboard and tests whether it is a letter or digit and prints out a message accordingly. These tests are done with the help of the following functions: isalpha(character) isdigit(character) For example, isalpha assumes a value non-zero (TRUE) if the argument character contains an alphabet; otherwise it assumes 0 (FALSE). Similar is the case with the function isdigit

6. #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> main() { char character; printf("Press any keyn"); character = getchar(); if (isalpha(character) > 0) printf("The character is a letter."); else if (isdigit (character) > 0) printf("The character is a digit."); else printf("The character is not alphanumeric."); }

7. The program uses three new functions: islower, toupper, and tolower. The function islower is #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> main() { char alphabet; printf("Enter an alphabet"); putchar('n'); /* move to next line */ alphabet = getchar(); if (islower(alphabet)) putchar(toupper(alphabet)); else putchar(tolower(alphabet)); }

8. #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> main() { char alphabet; printf("Enter an alphabet"); putchar('n'); /* move to next line */ alphabet = getchar(); if (isupper(alphabet)) putchar(tolower(alphabet)); else putchar(toupper(alphabet)); }