Arduino slides

 What is Arduino?
 What can I make with Arduino?
 Getting started
 Digital Inputs and Outputs
 Analog Inputs and Outputs
 Motors
 Putting It AllTogether
 Summary

“Arduino is an open-source electronics
prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-
to-use hardware and software. It's intended for
artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone
interested in creating interactive objects or
environments.“
http://www.arduino.cc/

 A programming environment forWindows,
Mac or Linux
 A hardware specification
 Software libraries that can be reused in your
programs
All for FREE!*
* Except the price of the hardware you purchase

 There are many types of hardware for
different needs

 The most commonly used Arduino board
 We will be using this board in this workshop

• Microprocessor – Atmega328
• 16 Mhz speed
• 14 Digital I/O Pins
• 6 Analog Input Pins
• 32K Program Memory
• 2K RAM
• 1k EEPROM
• Contains a special program
called a “Bootloader”
• Allows programming from
USB port
• Requires 0.5K of Program
Memory

• USB Interface
• USB client device
• Allows computer to
program the
Microprocessor
• Can be used to
communicate with
computer
• Can draw power from
computer to run Arduino

• Power Supply
• Connect 7V – 12V
• Provides required 5V to
Microprocessor
• Will automatically pick USB or
Power Supply to send power to
the Microprocessor

• Indicator LEDs
• L – connected to digital
pin 13
• TX – transmit data to
computer
• RX – receive data from
computer
• ON – when power is
applied

• Quartz Crystal which provides
16Mhz clock to Microprocessor

• Reset Button
• Allows you to reset the
microprocessor so
program will start from
the beginning

• Input/Output connectors
• Allows you to connect
external devices to
microprocessor
• Can accept wires to
individual pins
• Circuit boards “Shields”
can be plugged in to
connect external devices

 Many companies have created
Shields that can be used with
Arduino boards
 Examples
 Motor/Servo interface
 SD memory card interface
 Ethernet network interface
 GPS
 LED shields
 Prototyping shields

 Alarm Clock
 http://hackaday.com/2011/07/04/alarm-clock-forces-you-to-play-tetris-to-prove-you-are-awake/

 Textpresso
 http://www.geekwire.com/2012/greatest-invention-textspresso-machine-change-coffee-
ordering/

 Automatic PetWater Dispenser
 http://hackaday.com/2011/05/24/automated-faucet-keeps-your-cat-watered/

 Get the hardware
 Buy an Arduino UNO
 Buy (or repurpose) a USB cable
 Get the software
 http://arduino.cc/en/GuideHomePage
 Follow the instructions on this page to install
the software
 Connect the Arduino to your computer
 You are ready to go!

 Blink the onboard LED
Congratulations!!!

/*
Blink
. . .
*/
// set the LED on
// wait for a second
 These are comments
 The computer ignores them
 Humans can read them to learn about the
program

void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
 Brackets { and } contain a block of code
 Each line of code in this block runs sequentially
 void setup() tells the program to only run
them once
 When the board turns on
 When the reset button is pressed

void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
 Tells the Arduino to setup pin 13 as an Output
pin
 Each pin you use needs be setup with
pinMode
 A pin can be set to OUTPUT or INPUT

void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
 void loop () runs the code block over and over
until you turn off the Arduino
 This code block only runs after setup is
finished

void loop() {
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}
 HIGH tells the Arduino to turn on the output
 LOW tells theArduino to turn off the output
 13 is the pin number

void loop() {
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}
 Code runs very fast
 Delay tells theArduino to wait a bit
 1000 stands for 1,000 milliseconds or one
second

void loop() {
delay(500);
delay(500);
}
 Change the 1000’s to 500
 Upload the code to the Arduino
 What happens now?

 These pins are used to communicate with the
outside world
 When an output pin is HIGH, it can provide 5V
at 40mA maximum
 Trying to get more than 40mA out of the pin will
destroy the Microprocessor!
 When the output pin is LOW, it provides no
current
 You can use a transistor and/or a relay to
provide a higher voltage or more current

 Most LEDs will work with 5V at 20mA or
30mA
 Make sure to check them before connecting
to your Arduino! – Use your volt meter
 An LED requires a resistor to limit the current
 Without the resistor, the LED will draw too much
current and burn itself out

 LEDs are polarized devices
 One side needs to be connected to + and one
side needs to be connected to –
 If you connect it backwards, it will not light
 Usually:
 Minus is short lead and flat side
 Plus is long lead and rounded side
 A resistor is non-polarized
 It can be connected either way

 Connect the two LEDs on the breadboard
 Modify the code to blink the second LED, too
 Blink them all

 The pins can be used to accept an input also
 Digital pins can read a voltage (1) or no
voltage (0)
 Analog pins can read voltage between 0V and
5V.You will read a value of 0 and 1023.
 Both of these return a value you can put into
a variable and/or make decisions based on
the value

 Example
int x;
x = digitalRead(2);
if ( x == HIGH ) {
} else {
}

 A push button can be connected to a
digital pin
 There is an open circuit normally
 There is a closed circuit when pressed
 If connected between 5V and a pin, we
get 5V when pressed, but an open
circuit when not pressed
 This is a problem – we need 0V when
not pressed

 There is a solution
 A resistor to 5V will make the pin HIGH when
the button is not pressed
 Pressing it will make the pin LOW
 The resistor makes sure we don’t connect 5V
directly to Ground

 This is a common method for using push
buttons
 The resistor is called a “Pull Up Resistor”
 TheArduino has built in pull up resistors on
the digital pins
 We need to enable them when we need them

 This code enables the pull up resistor:
pinMode(2, INPUT);
Or, the one line version:
pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);

 Connect a push button
 Load the basic button code
 Turn LEDs on/off based on button press
 Load the toggle code. Pay attention to
reactions to your button presses, and count in
the Serial terminal.
 Try again with the debounce code. Did that
help?

 There are many other devices you can
connect to an Arduino
 Servos to move things
 GPS to determine location/time
 RealTime Clock to know what time it is
 Accelerometers, Chemical detectors…
 LCD displays
 Memory cards
 More!

 So far we’ve dealt with the on/off digital
world.
 Many interesting things we want to measure
(temperature, light, pressure, etc) have a
range of values.

 Very simple analog input – used to control
volume, speed, and so on.
 It allows us to vary two resistance values.

 You can communicate between the Arduino
and the computer via the USB cable.
 This can help you out big time when you are
debugging.
 It can also help you control programs on the
computer or post information to a web site.
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println(“Hello World.”);

 Connect potentiometer
 Upload and run code
 Turn the knob
 Watch the value change in the Serial Monitor

 There are many, many sensors based on
varying resistance: force sensors, light
dependent resistors, flex sensors, and more
 To use these you need to create a ‘voltage
divider’.

 R2 will be our photocell
 R1 will be a resistor of our choice
 Rule of thumb is: R1 should be in the middle
of the range.

 Wire up the photocell
 Same code as Lab 3
 Take note of the max and min values
 Try to pick a value for a dark/light threshold.

 Flashing a light is neat, but what about fading
one in and out?
 Or changing the color of an RGB LED?
 Or changing the speed of a motor?

 Wire up the Breadboard
 Load the code.Take note of the for loop.
 Watch the light fade in and out
 Experiment with the code to get different
effects

 So far we’ve communicated with the world by
blinking or writing to Serial
 Let’s make things move!

 Used in radio controlled planes and cars
 Good for moving through angles you specify
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
void setup() {
myservo.attach(9);
}
void loop() {}

 Wire up the breadboard
 Upload the code
 Check it out, you can control the servo!
 The map function makes life easy and is very,
very handy:
map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow,
toHigh);

 Upload the code for random movement.
 Watch the values in the Serial monitor. Run
the program multiple times. Is it really
random?
 Try it with ‘randomSeed’, see what happens.

 For moving and spinning things
 Are cheap and can often be taken from old
and neglected toys (or toys from Goodwill)
 Here we learn three things:
 Transistors
 Using PWM to control speed
 Why you don’t directly attach a motor

 Wire it up
 Speed it up, slow it down (rawhide!)

 With a piezo or small speaker, your Arduino
can make some noise, or music (or ‘music’).
 As with game controllers, vibrating motors
can stimulate the sense of touch.
 Arduino projects exist that involve smell
(breathalyzer, scent generators).
 For taste…KegBot? ZipWhip’s cappuccino
robot?

 Combine previous projects (photocell and the
piezo playing music) to create an instrument
that generates a pitch based on how much
light is hitting the photocell
 Feel free to get really creative with this.

 We have learned
 The Arduino platform components
 how to connect an Arduino board to the computer
 How to connect LEDs, buttons, a light sensor, a
piezo buzzer, and motors
 How to send information back to the computer

 http://www.arduino.cc
 Getting StartedWith Arduino (Make:
Projects) book
 BeginningArduino book
 Arduino: A Quick Start Guide book
 The adafruit learning system:
https://learn.adafruit.com/

 Adafruit http://www.adafruit.com/
 Spark Fun http://www.sparkfun.com/
 Maker Shed http://www.makershed.com/
 Digikey http://www.digikey.com/
 Mouser http://www.mouser.com/
 Radio Shack http://www.radioshack.com/
 Find parts: http://www.octopart.com/
 Sometimes Amazon has parts too
 Ebay can have deals but usually the parts are
shipped from overseas and take a long time

 http://arduino.cc/forum/
 Your local Hackerspace!

 Electronic devices depend on the movement of
electrons
 The amount of electrons moving from one
molecule to another is called Current which is
measured in Amps
 Batteries provide a lot of electrons that are
ready to move
 The difference in potential (the number of free
electrons) between two points is called
Electromotive Force which is measured in Volts

 Materials that allow easy movement of
electrons are called Conductors
 Copper, silver, gold, aluminum are examples
 Materials that do not allow easy movement
of electrons are called Insulators
 Glass, paper, rubber are examples
 Some materials are poor conductors and
poor insulators.
 Carbon is an example

 Materials that aren’t good conductors or
good inductors provide Resistance to the
movement of electrons
 Resistance is measured in Ohms

 Electrons flow from the negative
terminal of the battery through the
circuit to the positive terminal.
 But – when they discovered this,
they thought current came from
the positive terminal to the
negative
 This is called conventional current
flow
I
Oops!

 There needs to be a complete circuit for
current to flow
No Flow! Current will Flow!

 Volts, Amps and Ohms are related
 This is called Ohms Law
I = Current in Amps
E = EMF inVolts
R = Resistance in Ohms
I=E
R

 Example
 BAT = 9 volts
 R1 = 100 ohms
 How many amps?
 I = 0.09 Amps or 90mA
I= 9V
100W

 When dealing with really big numbers or
really small numbers, there are prefixes you
can use
 k = kilo = 1,000 (e.g. 10 kHz = 10,000 Hz)
 M = mega = 1,000,000 (e.g 1 MHz = 1,000 kHz)
 m = milli = 1/1,000 (e.g 33mA = 0.033A)
 u = micro = 1/1,000,000 (e.g 2uV = 0.000002V)
 n = nano = 1/1,000,000,000
 p = pico = 1/1,000,000,000,000

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