01 Intro to the Arduino and it's basics.ppt

WHAT IS A
MICROCONTROLLER?
• A small computer on a single chip
• containing a processor, memory, and input/output
• Typically "embedded" inside some device that they control
• A microcontroller is often small and low cost

WHAT IS A DEVELOPMENT
BOARD?
 A printed circuit board
designed to facilitate work
with a particular
microcontroller.
• Typical components include:
• power circuit
• programming interface
• basic input; usually buttons and LEDs
• I/O pins

THE MANY FLAVORS OF
ARDUINO
• Arduino Uno
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino LilyPad
• Arduino Mega
• Arduino Nano
• Arduino Mini
• Arduino Mini Pro
• Arduino BT

5
USB
7-12v
Adapter
External
DC input
Supplies
Analog Input Pins
Digital I/O Pins
Pins with ~ are PWM
[Analog Output]
GND Transmitter/Receiver
Serial Connection
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended)7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14
(of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Reset Button
Analog
Reference
16Mhz
Crystal

--- Arduino IDE ---
Programming and
Simulation Environment

Check out:
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
1. Download & install the Arduino environment
(IDE) (not needed in lab)
2. Connect the board to your computer via the USB
cable
3. If needed, install the drivers (not needed in lab)
4. Launch the Arduino IDE
5. Select your board
6. Select your serial port
7. Open the blink example
8. Upload the program

See: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment for more information

01 Intro to the Arduino and it's basics.ppt

Lets Discuss Arduino
Code Basics and Digital I/O
programming

ARDUINO
PROGRAM
SKETCH
STRUCTURE
TWO functions Used
• void setup()
– Will be executed
only when the
program begins
(or reset button
is pressed)
• void loop()
– Will be executed
repeatedly
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once
//The setup section is used for assigning
input and outputs (Examples: motors, LED’s,
sensors etc) to ports on the Arduino
//setup motors, sensors etc
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly
// e.g get information from sensors
// send commands to motors etc
}

ARDUINO COMMANDS TO CONFIGURE
I/O DIRECTION AND DATA
 pinMode(pin#, mode)
Sets pin mode to either INPUT or OUTPUT
 digitalWrite(pin#,value)
Writes HIGH or LOW value to a pin
 digitalRead(pin#)
Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin
// Code to make pin#1 HIGH if pin#2 is LOW
if(digitalRead(2) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
}
// command to make pin#9 of Arduino
as OUTPUT
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
// command to write LOW to pin#2
digitalWrite(2, LOW);

const int kPinLed = 13;
void setup() //will run once in start
{
pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT); //make pin#13 o/p
}
void loop() //executed again and again
{
digitalWrite(kPinLed, HIGH); //make pin#13 hi
delay(500); //500ms delay, command format:
delay(milliseconds)
digitalWrite(kPinLed, LOW); //make pin#13 lo
delay(500);
}
Program that toggle LED after every ½ sec
attatched with pin 13 of Arduino

const int kPinLeds[] = {2,3,4,5}; // LEDs connected to pins 2-5
void setup()
{
for(int i = 0; i<4; i++)
pinMode(kPinLeds[i], OUTPUT); // make LED pins 2-5 o/p
}
void loop()
{
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) // LEDs switch on from left to right
{
digitalWrite(kPinLeds[i], HIGH);
delay(100);
}
for(int i = 3; i >= 0; i--) // LED switch off from right to left
{
digitalWrite(kPinLeds[i], LOW);
delay(100);
}
}
Program that switch on LEDs connected to pin2-5 from left to right
and then switch off on reverse order

const int kPinLed = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT);
}
int delayTime = 1000;
void loop()
{
if(delayTime <= 100){
delayTime = 1000; // If it is less than or equal to !!100, reset it
}
else{
delayTime = delayTime - 100;
}
digitalWrite(kPinLed, HIGH);
delay(delayTime);
digitalWrite(kPinLed, LOW);
delay(delayTime);
)

const int kPinButton1 = 2; // button attached to pin#2
const int kPinLed = 9; // LED attached with pin#9
void setup()
{
pinMode(kPinButton1, INPUT); // make button pin i/p
digitalWrite(kPinButton1, HIGH);// enable internal pull up resistors for i/p pin
pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT); // make LED pins 2-5 o/p
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(kPinButton1) == LOW) // make LED pins 2-5 o/p
digitalWrite(kPinLed, HIGH); // make LED pins 2-5 o/p
else
digitalWrite(kPinLed, LOW);
}
Program that switch on LEDs connected to pin9 according
to switch connected on pin2

boolean data type is used
to store state of a pin.

ADC of Arduino
• Analog read  Get binary number against
voltage given at particular analog channels
• Analog Write  generate PWM of different duty
cycles at particular PWM pin
• This is not part of ADC, Just a function to
achieve a specific task!

ADC
INTRO
• Six analog input channels:
A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5
• AREF = Reference voltage
(default = +5 V)
• 10 bit resolution:
– Returns an integer from 0 to 1023
– Result is proportional to the pin voltage
– Formulas for finding a binary number
against any voltage i/p are same as
studied in PIC microcontrollers
• All voltages are measured
relative to GND

ARDUINO COMMAND TO
READ ADC VALUE
• analogRead(pin)
Convert analog input to a value between 01023
// code to assign a 10-bit binary number to voltage
signal given at channel A0 and store in variable integer.
int Val;
Val=analogRead(A0) ;

int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int ledPin = 13; // select the pin for the LED
int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT:
}
void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the ledPin on
delay(sensorValue); // stop the program for <sensorValue> milliseconds:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the ledPin off:
delay(sensorValue); // stop the program for for <sensorValue> milliseconds:
}
Application: Controlling delay using potentiometer.
Program that blink LEDs connected to pin#13, delay is controlled through a
POTENTIOMETER (used as sensor) connected to analog channel0

ANALOG OUTPUT
 Can a digital device produce analog output?
• Analog output can be simulated using
Pulse width modulation (PWM) which is
also used to control motor parameters

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
• Can’t use digital pins
to directly supply say
2.5V, but can pulse
the output on and off
really fast to produce
the same effect
• The on-off pulsing
happens so quickly,
the connected output
device “sees” the
result as a reduction
in the voltage
output voltage = (on_time / cycle_time) * 5V

ARDUINO COMMANDS TO WRITE
ANALOG VALUE
analogWrite(pin,value)
value is duty cycle: between 0 and 255
// Command for a 50%
duty cycle on pin9
analogWrite(9, 128)
// Command for a 25%
duty cycle on pin11
analogWrite(11, 64)

PROGRAM TO CONTROL BRIGHTNESS OF LED
ATTACHED WITH PIN9 USING POTENTIOMETER
ATTACHED WIT A0
const int kPinPot = A0; // POT connected
const int kPinLed = 9; //LED at pin9
void setup()
{
pinMode(kPinPot, INPUT);
pinMode(kPinLed, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
int ledBrightness;
int sensorValue = 0; // initialize
sensorValue = analogRead(kPinPot);
ledBrightness = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);
//map function is used to map value of two different ranges, here it
maps value b/w 01023 of variable sensorValue to value between
0255
analogWrite(kPinLed, ledBrightness);
Map function Re-maps a number from one range to
another. Its format is:
map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh);

SERIAL
COMMUNICATI
ON
• Compiling turns your program into
binary data (ones and zeros)
• Uploading sends the bits through
USB cable to the Arduino
• The two LEDs near the USB
connector blink when data is
transmitted
• RX blinks when the Arduino is
receiving data
• TX blinks when the Arduino is
transmitting data

SERIAL MONITOR TO SEE
WHAT YOU RECEIVE ON
SCREEN

Serial.begin(baud);
Initialize serial port for communication and sets baud rate
Serial.print(Val) , Serial.print(Val,format)
Send data on serial port.
Serial.println(val); // Same as Serial.print(), but with line-feed
Example: Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
Examples:
Serial.print(“hi”); // print a string on screem
Serial.print(78); //works with numbers too
Serial.print(variable) //works with variables
Serial.print(78,BIN) //will send 10011110 , others formats can be HEX,OCT
ARDUINO COMMAND TO WRITE DATA

int analogPin = A1; // potentiometer connected to analog channel 1
int val = 0; // variable to store the value read
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // setup serial baud rate
//write a command here to make A1 as input
}
void loop()
{
val = analogRead(analogPin); // read the sensor value
Serial.println(val); // transmit value
}
Program that transmit digital value of a sensor
(Potentiometer in this case) attatched to A1

Serial.read();
Returns data received
Serial.available(Val);
Returns the number of bytes in the buffer
Serial.flush(); // clears the buffer
Some More Useful Functions, Understand your self
(Optional)
//code to read data and store in a character
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
char data = Serial.read();
}
ARDUINO COMMAND TO RECEIVE DATA

int incomingByte = 0; // for incoming serial data
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
}
void loop() {
// send data only when you receive data:
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
incomingByte = Serial.read(); // read the incoming byte:
// display on screen what you got:
Serial.print("I received: ");
Serial.println(incomingByte, DEC);
}
}
Program that receive a number through serial port and
then transmit a msg and at last transmit received
number in decimal

ARDUINO
PROGRAMMING
WITH SENSORS,
MOTORS AND
EXTERNAL
INTERRUPTS

CONTROLLING
MOTORS USING
ARDUINO

DigitalOutput-Motion-Servo Motor
 Servo Motors are electronic devices
that convert digital signal to
rotational movement.
40
Functions to control Servo motor:
• Servo servoname; // used to name a servo
• attach(pin); //PWM pins are used , Fucntion called through servoname
• write(angle) //called through servoname
• read() //called through servoname, return current servo angle
• detach(); //detach servo. Pins can be used for PWM

Standard Servo Rotation to Exact Angel
//Code to rotate a servo motor attached with pin#9 in clock and anticlockwise direction continuosly
#include <Servo.h> //servo function library
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo.
int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position
void setup()
{ myservo.attach(9); // attaches the “myservo” on pin 9 to the servo object
}
void loop()
{ myservo.attach(9); //command to tell where “myservo” is attached
for(pos = 0; pos < 180; pos += 1) // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
{ // in steps of 1 degree
myservo.write(pos); // tell “myservo” to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
for(pos = 180; pos>=1; pos-=1) // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees
{
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
myservo.detach(); //Detach the myservo if you are not controling it for a while
delay(2000);
} 41

STEPPER MOTORS
 Motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils.
 The coils are alternately given current or not, creating magnetic
fields which repulse or attract the magnets on the shaft, causing
the motor to rotate.
 Allows for very precise control of the motor. It can be turned in
very accurate steps of set degree increments
Functions to control Stepper motor:
• Stepper motorname(steps, pin1, pin2, pin3, pin4)
• setSpeed(rpm) //called through motorname
• step(steps) // called through motorname

STEPPER MOTOR
CONTROL
//code to rotate motor attached with pin 8,9,10,11, rpm=60 and 200 steps/rev
#include <Stepper.h> //the control sequence is in this library
const int stepsPerRevolution = 200; // motor-dependent
Stepper myStepper(stepsPerRevolution, 8, 9, 10, 11); //pins used
void setup() {
// set the speed at 60 rpm:
myStepper.setSpeed(60); //actually sets the delay between steps
}
void loop() {
// step one revolution in one direction:
myStepper.step(stepsPerRevolution);
delay(500);
}

USING EXTERNAL
INTERRUPTS
 On a UNO Arduino board, two pins can be used as interrupts:
pins 2 and 3. and in MEGA these pins are used:2, 3, 18, 19,
20, 21
 The interrupt is enabled through the following line:
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(pin), ISR, mode);
 modes are LOW, HIGH, RISING, FALLING, CHANGE
 E.g
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(0), doEncoder,
FALLING);
//Interrupt will occur on FALLING edge and doEncoder function called when

INTERRUPT
EXAMPLE
//code to toggle LED status attached with PIN9 whenever pin 1 status
changes.
int led = 9;
volatile int state = LOW;
void setup()
{
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(1), blink, CHANGE);
//PIN 1 for Intr , blink function called when change on pin 1 occurs
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(led, state);
}
void blink()
{
state = !state;
}

Sound-Piezo Sensor
 A Piezo is an electronic piece that converts electricity
energy to sound.
 It is a digital output device.
 You can make white noise or even exact musical notes
(frequencies for musical notes) based on the duration that
you iterate between HIGH and LOW signals.
48

Arduino- Digital Output-Sound-Piezo
// Program to play musical tones using piezo sensor attached with
pin 13
int freqs[] = {1915, 1700, 1519, 1432, 1275, 1136, 1014, 956};
void setup(){
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}
void loop(){
for(int i=0;i<8;i++) //iterating through notes
{
for(int j=0;j<1000;j++) //the time span that each note is being
played
{
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(freqs[i]); //delay in microseconds
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(freqs[i]);
}
} 49

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
ASSIGNMENT
Using Ultra Sonic Sensor, Measure distance
of an object and display it on serial port?
Approach:
1.Understand how this sensor works
2.Understand mathematical sense of pulse generated by this
sensor
3.Understand pulseIn() function , it will help you to get pulse width
4.Code it and test it in proteus

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR INTRO
 It emits an ultrasound at 40000 Hz which
travels through the air and if there is an
object or obstacle on its path, It will bounce
back to the module.
 It has 4 pins
 Ground, VCC, Trig and Echo
51

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR WORKING
52
 To generate the ultrasound you need
to do:
1. Set the Trig on a High State
for 10 µs.
2. That will send out an 8 cycle
sonic burst which will travel
at the speed sound and it will
be received in the Echo pin.
3. The Echo pin will output the
time in microseconds the
sound wave traveled from TX
to RX

How to measure distance?
53
 Speed of the sound is 340 m/s or 0.034
cm/µs
 Below is an example for distance= 10cm
 In Arduino function pulseIn(pin#,value)
is used to measure width of pulse in
microseconds. Value is HIGH or LOW.
i.e starting point of pulse!

// defines pins numbers
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
// defines variables
long duration;
int distance;
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trigPin as an o/p
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echoPin as an i/p
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial comm
}
void loop() {
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for
10us
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the pulse width of echoPin, i.e
returns the sound wave travel time in us
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance= duration*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial
monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}
Scenerio: Trigger pin of ultrasonic sensor is
attached with pin9 and echo with pin 10 of
Arduino. On serial port throw the distance of
an object that comes in range of this
sensor?

INTERNET OF
THINGS
SENDING DATA
THROUGH WIFI

ESP8266 WIFI
MODULE AND
CONNECTIONS WITH
ARDUINO
• Tx and Rx pins of ESP8266
are directly connected to pin 2
and 3 of Arduino.
• Software Serial Library is
used to allow serial
communication on pin 2 and 3
of Arduino.

MAIN STEPS TO MAKE
CONNECTION
1. Connect our wi-fi module to wi-fi router for network
connectivity
2. Then we will configure the local server
3. Send the data to web
4. Finally close the connection

LETS DISCUSS DETAILS
OF THESE STEPS!
STEP 1: Connect our wi-fi module to wi-fi
router for network connectivity

INSIDE
STEP 1:
1. First we need to test the Wi-Fi module by
sending AT command, it will revert back a response
containing OK.
2. After this, we need to select mode using
command AT+CWMODE=mode_id , we have used Mode id =3.
Mode ids:
1 = Station mode (client)
2 = AP mode (host)
3 = AP + Station mode (Yes, ESP8266 has a dual
mode!)
3. Now we need to disconnect our Wi-Fi module from the
previously connected Wi-Fi network, by using the
command AT+CWQAP, as ESP8266 is default auto connected
with any previously available Wi-Fi network
4. After that, user can Reset the module
with AT+RST command. This step is optional.

MAIN STEPS TO MAKE
CONNECTION
6. Now get IP Address by using given command:
AT+CIFSR
It will return an IP Address.
7. Now enable the multiplex mode by using AT+CIPMUX=1 (1 for multiple connection and 0
for single connection)
8. Now configure ESP8266 as server by using AT+CIPSERVER=1,port_no (port may be 80).
Now your Wi-Fi is ready. Here ‘1’ is used to create the server and ‘0’ to delete the server.
9. Now by using given command user can send data to local created server:
AT+CIPSEND =id, length of data
Id = ID no. of transmit connection
Length = Max length of data is 2 kb
10. After sending ID and Length to the server, we need to send data like
: Serial.println(“circuitdigest@gmail.com”);
11. After sending data we need close the connection by given command:
AT+CIPCLOSE=0
Now data has been transmitted to local server.

01 Intro to the Arduino and it's basics.ppt

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