3D Computer Graphics with Python

Martin Christen
FHNW
Hochschule für Architektur, Bau und Geomatik
Institut Vermessung und Geoinformation
martin.christen@fhnw.ch
@MartinChristen
3D Computer Graphics with Python
„3D Graphics the Pythonic Way“
Swiss Python Summit

Swiss Python Summit, February 5, 2016Institut Vermessung und Geoinformation 2
About this talk
In this talk several technologies around 3D graphics for Python are presented.
• A brief introduction to scripting Blender shows the possibilities of creating
complex 3D Worlds and games.
• The second part shows how to create low level 3D applications and how
Python is used to create preprocessed 3D worlds for the webbrowser.

PART I: Python and Blender
What is Blender ?
• Blender is a free and open source 3D creation suite for:
• Modelling
• Animation
• Simulation
• Rendering
• Video Editing
• Motion Tracking
• Game Creation
• …and more..
• Runs on Linux, MacOS and Windows

Cycles Demo Reel (2015) – All made with Blender
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDRTjzLNK0g

Blender Motion Tracking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AvQiOf2IGA

Python Scripting in Blender
Choose the Scripting View:

Now you see the Python 3.x console:

The first program:
Accessing Data is quite simple, use the module bpy.data:
list(bpy.data.objects)
list(bpy.data.scenes)
list(bpy.data.materials)
So let’s enter the following in the Python console:
>>> list(bpy.data.objects)

List of all objects in the scene:
And that is pretty much what you see
in the scene graph:

Open the Tab in the 3d View and select “Create”:

When you hold mouse over “Cube” you will see the Python Command how to
create a cube! Just note it and click on cube.

When you create the cube you will see the exact command that was called to
create it. You see most actions as Python code there.

Python Scripting in Blender: Adding (predefined) Objects
Right click on the text (highligh) and copy the text (ctrl-c)
bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add(radius=1, view_align=False,
enter_editmode=False, location=(0, 0, 0), layers=(True, False, False,
False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False,
False, False, False, False, False, False, False))
Hit undo (ctrl-z)
And now we modity the command using location=(0,3,0) and radius=2:
bpy.ops.mesh.primitve_cube_add(radius=2, location=(0,3,0))

Python Scripting in Blender: Transform objects
If we move the new cube by pressing and holding the blue z-Axis we can see the
following command:
bpy.ops.transform.translate(value=(0, 0, 3.10625), constraint_axis=(False,
False, True), constraint_orientation='GLOBAL', mirror=False,
proportional='DISABLED', proportional_edit_falloff='SMOOTH',
proportional_size=1, release_confirm=True)
That is how an object is translated

Python Scripting in Blender: Operations
Apply Operations like Subdivision:
bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode='EDIT')
bpy.ops.mesh.subdivide()
bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode=OBJECT')

Creating Meshes for example: Tetrahedron
import bpy
s = 0.5**0.5 # 0.5*sqrt(2)
verts = ((s,s,-1), (s,-s,-1), (-s,-s,-1), (-s,s,-1), (0,0,1))
faces = ((1,0,4), (4,2,1), (4,3,2), (4,0,3), (0,1,2,3))
mesh = bpy.data.meshes.new("TetrahedronMesh")
object = bpy.data.objects.new("TetrahedronObject", mesh)
object.location = (0,0,0) # origin
scene = bpy.context.scene
scene.objects.link(object)
scene.objects.active = object
object.select = True
mesh.from_pydata(verts, [], faces) # vertices, edges, faces
mesh.update()

Real Life Example
Using Python to optimize 3D objects:
bpy.ops.object.select_all(action='DESELECT')
bpy.context.scene.objects.active = bpy.data.objects[1]
bpy.ops.object.select_all(action='SELECT')
bpy.ops.object.join()
bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode='EDIT')
bpy.ops.mesh.dissolve_limited()
bpy.ops.mesh.remove_doubles(threshold=0.01)
bpy.ops.mesh.select_all(action='DESELECT')
bpy.ops.mesh.select_interior_faces()
bpy.ops.mesh.delete(type='FACE')
bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode='OBJECT')

Historic Roman City “Augusta Raurica” – Generated with ESRI City Engine

Cleaned up: Jour, Remove Double Vertices/Faces, Interior Faces

Final Result (125’929 triangles optimized to 56’216 triangles)

PART II: Low Level APIs
• OpenGL API bindings
• Open Graphics Library - based on C
• http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/
• DirectPython 11: Direct3D 11 (Windows only)
• http://directpython11.sourceforge.net/
• Not Cross Platform

PyOpenGL
Supports OpenGL 1.1 to 4.4
Works with popular GUI libraries, for example:
• wxPython
• PyQT / PySide
• PyGTK
• PyGame
• Tkinter (+ Togl widget)
I‘m not going to make an OpenGL introduction here...

How OpenGL Works
Primitives (=Points, Linies, Triangles) are converted to Fragments (Pixels).
Program Vertex-Operations (e.g. projection, transformation).
Program Fragment-Operations for shading/lighting/texturing.
Vertex/Fragment Shaders [run on the GPU and] are written in GLSL.

Vispy:
http://vispy.org/ ( https://github.com/vispy/vispy )
VisPy is a young library under heavy development at this time. It targets two
categories of users:
• Users knowing OpenGL, or willing to learn OpenGL, who want to create
beautiful and fast interactive 2D/3D visualizations in Python as easily as
possible.
• Scientists without any knowledge of OpenGL, who are seeking a high-level,
high-performance plotting toolkit.

Install vispy
1) Numpy is required
2) OpenGL is required
3) A compatible GUI Toolkit is required
Then:
pip install vispy
More info: http://vispy.org/installation.html

Example, lets create a virtual environment named “gl”
python3.5 -m venv gl
source gl/bin/activate
pip install vispy # also installs numpy
pip install pyglet
… do your stuff …
Deactivate

Development Version (currently 0.5.0.dev0)
git clone git://github.com/vispy/vispy.git
cd vispy
python3.5 setup.py develop
(Only this version support Jupyter Notebook!)

Windows
on Windows, download modules* from:
http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs
*) vispy, numpy & pyglet

Our first App
import sys
from vispy import app, gloo
canvas = app.Canvas(app='pyglet', keys='interactive', size=(800, 600))
@canvas.connect
def on_draw(event):
gloo.set_clear_color((1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
gloo.clear()
canvas.show()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()

Use Shaders, Geometry

Jupyter Notebook (WebGL Output)

• Virtual Globe using WebGL
• Open Source Project started in
April 2011
• JavaScript Library for rapid
developmentof web-based
geospatial 3D applications
• Data Processing in Python
332.5.2016 33
Python for Data Processing
Institute of Geomatics Engineering

2.5.2016Institute of Geomatics Engineering 34
Demo

2.5.2016Institute of Geomatics Engineering
Streaming 3D-Geometry Tiles
MapData © OpenStreetMap contributors
35
BTh Hürbi/Daetwyler, MTh Lucas Oertli, 2013

Streaming Example: 3D Geometry using OSM and “BOI” (worldwide streaming)
MTh Lucas Oertli, 2013

Streaming Example: Osnabrück (local streaming)
Created by Geoplex with Plexmap, based on OpenWebGlobe

Some Problems I have with (Web-Based) Virtual Globes
• Unfortunately, WebGL compatibility is still an issue… a “fallback” is required
• Most people still prefer 2D Maps
• Navigation in 3D is too complicated for many users…
• In the “Geo-World”, 3D Models are usually not built by 3D game designers:
• Often there are “too many” & “too big” textures per object
• Different details per 3D-object
• Remember “Google 3D Warehouse”
• Level of Detail: Generalization in 2D is accepted, but not in 3D!
• Limited number of people actually do have data of the whole world…
• Most virtual globe based applications I know are limited to a certain region/country/…
• Too slow (bandwidth/3D rendering) on mobile devices
• Too power consuming on mobile devices

Bringing together 2D Maps and 3D Globes
Concept: Prerender a 3D Scene using a high quality offline 3D renderer using an
orthographic projection and create “2D” image tiles.
Constant, minimal bandwidth
regardless of the complexity of the
3D city model
MTh Markus Jung, 2014
(Similar approaches were already done by Döllner et al. and also go back to some concepts by Sutherland)

Display in the Webbrowser as “2D Map”

Display in the Webbrowser as Panorama

High Resolution Geometry doesn’t matter: Same download/render speed

The 3dmaps.ch Project: Bringing it all together!
3DPS (3D Portrayal Service)

Viewer API
map3d.js Library
var map = new map3d.map("mapcanvas");
var layer = new map3d.imageLayer([
"http://t1.3dmaps.ch/tiles/teatime",
"http://t4.3dmaps.ch/tiles/teatime"]) });
layer.addTo(map);
var teapot_marker = new map3d.marker("Green Teapot", [0,0,0]);
teapot_marker.addTo(map);
var cube_maker = new map3d.marker("Green Cube", [80.5, 11.5, 10.5]);
cube_maker.addTo(map);

Different prerenderings for different pitch/view direction
Every Prerendering needs storage, but with todays cloud storage pricing this is not really an issue anymore!

Why a teapot if we have (open) Geo Data ?!!
Use case 1: Rotterdam Dataset
90 CityGML files with a total size of 2.72 GB
26'474 textures with a size of 1024x1024, an uncompressed total data volume of around 77 GB
Orthophoto uncompressed 430 GB

Use case 2: The Roman city of Augusta Raurica
A digital reconstruction of the historical Roman City of Augusta Raurica, created at
the institute of Geomatics Engineering at the FHNW. 3D-Printed to create a bronze
model.

The 3D Model
About 4000 geospatial objects (buildings, roads, vegetation features, terrain, …)
at three levels of detail.
3D Geometry & Textures around 1 GB

Prerendering the Model: Color Map, Normal Map, Id-Map, Depth Map
Dynamic Lighting
Normal Map: for Object Identification:
Highlighting, special effects, …
Depth Map: for 3D Position, special effects, …

3D View in the (mobile) webbrowser with dynamic Lighting

The Viewer
• The viewer basically uses the same concepts as a “2D Map Viewer”
• map3d.js supports WebGL
There is also a pure canvas version available as fallback
• Operations like “highlighting” are highly customizable. Basically it is an image
processing operation which runs on the GPU (WebGL Version). If there is no
WebGL available, the operation is done using JavaScript.

Outlook (1)
• Implement more effects and lighting models,
dynamic snow/water/etc. using depth map & normal map
• Layer management (include point clouds, mix different layers using depth
map
• Add realtime content (“mix real 3D Object”) using depth-map
• Release map3d.js as Open Source (around Q2/2016)

Outlook (2)
More Rendering Effects, for example Screen Space Ambient Occlusion (SSAO)
BTh, Daniel Rettenmund 2015

Outlook (3)
• “isometric maps” will be one of many features of OpenWebGlobe 2
• “isometric maps” will be the default 3D Viewer in OpenWebGlobe 2
• Switch to “real 3D” anytime
• State is saved:
• The best matching viewpoint is selected when switching
• If you highlight an object in “isometric mode”, it will be highlighted in
“Real 3D” mode too.

Conclusion
3 ways to use 3D Graphics in Python were presented:
1. Using Python & Blender (including Blender Game Engine)
2. Using Low a Level API (OpenGL/WebGL)
3. Using Python to process 3D Views
Which approach is the best for Python ? This really depends the application
domain.
I am quite sceptic with 2. - If you want to create a complex 3D game, I don’t
recommend using Python at this time.
I believe Python is great for 1. and 3.

Next Meetup: February 9th, 2016 in Muttenz (near Basel) 18:00 to 21:00
http://www.pybasel.ch

1st GeoPython Conference
http://www.geopython.net

Q&A

3D Computer Graphics with Python

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