A gentle introduction to functional programming through music and clojure
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This document introduces functional programming concepts through the Clojure programming language and the Overtone music library. It provides an overview of Clojure data types and collections, installing Leiningen and interacting with the Clojure REPL. Examples are given for working with lists, maps, sets and Java interop. The benefits of functional programming are listed as easier reasoning, composability, separation of concerns. Contact details are provided for further information.
![Collection Types
● Lists - singly linked, grow at front
○ (list 1 2 3), ‘(1 2 3), ‘(:fred "ethel" 27)
● Vectors - indexed access, grow at end
○ [1 2 :a :b], ["fred" :ethel 3/2]
● Maps - key/value associations
○ {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}, {1 "ethel" 2 "fred"}
● Sets - collection with uniqueness constraint
○ #{:fred :ethel :lucy} ; duplicate key will error
● Heterogeneous
● Everything Nests Arbitrarily!
○ [#{:a :b} "c" [:d] {1 :e 2 [:f :g]}]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/agentleintroductiontofunctionalprogrammingthroughmusicandclojure-151125111603-lva1-app6892/85/A-gentle-introduction-to-functional-programming-through-music-and-clojure-7-320.jpg)
![Working with lists
> (+ 1 2 3)
6
> (first [1 2 3])
1
> (rest [1 2 3])
(2 3)
> (cons “x” [1 2 3])
(“x” 1 2 3)
> (take 2 [ 1 2 3 4 5])
(1 2)
> (drop 2 [1 2 3 4 5])
(3 4 5)
> (range 10)
(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
> (filter odd? (range 10))
(1 3 5 7 9)
> (map odd? (range 10))
(false true false true false true
false true false true)
> (reduce + (range 10))
45](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/agentleintroductiontofunctionalprogrammingthroughmusicandclojure-151125111603-lva1-app6892/85/A-gentle-introduction-to-functional-programming-through-music-and-clojure-10-320.jpg)
![Working with Lists
> (take 9 (cycle [1 2 3 4]))
(1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1)
> (interleave [:a :b :c :d :e] [1 2 3 4 5])
(:a 1 :b 2 :c 3 :d 4 :e 5)
> (partition 3 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9])
((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9))
> (map vector [:a :b :c :d :e] [1 2 3 4 5])
([:a 1] [:b 2] [:c 3] [:d 4] [:e 5])
> (interpose | "asdf")
(a | s | d | f)
> (apply str (interpose | "asdf"))
"a|s|d|f"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/agentleintroductiontofunctionalprogrammingthroughmusicandclojure-151125111603-lva1-app6892/85/A-gentle-introduction-to-functional-programming-through-music-and-clojure-13-320.jpg)
A gentle introduction to functional programming through music and clojure
- 1. A gentle introduction to functional programming through music and Clojure Mødegruppe for F#unktionelle Københavnere, 24 November, 2015 Presented by Paul Lam
- 2. Agenda 1. What is functional programming 2. Setting up the environment 3. Making some noise 4. Making some music 5. Transforming data to music 6. Why functional programming
- 3. Wiki: Functional Programming “In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data.”
- 4. Hello World
- 5. Clojure is a dynamic programming language that targets the Java Virtual Machine, Common Language Runtime, and JavaScript
- 6. Data Literals Long 42 BigInteger 1234567891234567 8912 Double 1.234 BigDecimal 1.234M Ratio 22/7 String “fred” Character a b c Keyword :a, :foo Symbol fred, ethel Boolean true, false nil nil Regex #”a*b”
- 7. Collection Types ● Lists - singly linked, grow at front ○ (list 1 2 3), ‘(1 2 3), ‘(:fred "ethel" 27) ● Vectors - indexed access, grow at end ○ [1 2 :a :b], ["fred" :ethel 3/2] ● Maps - key/value associations ○ {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}, {1 "ethel" 2 "fred"} ● Sets - collection with uniqueness constraint ○ #{:fred :ethel :lucy} ; duplicate key will error ● Heterogeneous ● Everything Nests Arbitrarily! ○ [#{:a :b} "c" [:d] {1 :e 2 [:f :g]}]
- 8. Installing Leiningen Go to http://leiningen.org/ and follow 4 steps (Note: You must have Java already installed) 1. Download the lein script (or on Windows lein.bat) 2. Place it on your $PATH where your shell can find it (eg. ~/bin) 3. Set it to be executable (chmod a+x ~/bin/lein) 4. Run it (lein) and it will download the self-install package Then run: $ lein repl // Start a Clojure REPL
- 9. Clojure Doc ● http://clojure.org/cheatsheet ● http://clojuredocs.org/ ● > (doc …)
- 10. Working with lists > (+ 1 2 3) 6 > (first [1 2 3]) 1 > (rest [1 2 3]) (2 3) > (cons “x” [1 2 3]) (“x” 1 2 3) > (take 2 [ 1 2 3 4 5]) (1 2) > (drop 2 [1 2 3 4 5]) (3 4 5) > (range 10) (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) > (filter odd? (range 10)) (1 3 5 7 9) > (map odd? (range 10)) (false true false true false true false true false true) > (reduce + (range 10)) 45
- 11. What is Overtone? Overtone: “Collaborative Programmable Music” http://overtone.github.io/ Interface SuperCollider (an audio synthesis engine) using Clojure http://supercollider.sourceforge.net/
- 13. Working with Lists > (take 9 (cycle [1 2 3 4])) (1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1) > (interleave [:a :b :c :d :e] [1 2 3 4 5]) (:a 1 :b 2 :c 3 :d 4 :e 5) > (partition 3 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]) ((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9)) > (map vector [:a :b :c :d :e] [1 2 3 4 5]) ([:a 1] [:b 2] [:c 3] [:d 4] [:e 5]) > (interpose | "asdf") (a | s | d | f) > (apply str (interpose | "asdf")) "a|s|d|f"
- 14. Working with Maps and Sets (def m {:a 1 :b 2 :c 3}) ● (m :b) => 2 ● (:b m) => 2 ● (keys m) => (:a :b :c) ● (assoc m :d 4 :c 42) => {:d 4, :a 1, :b 2, :c 42} ● (merge-with + m {:a 2 :b 3}) => {:a 3, :b 5, :c 3} ● (union #{:a :b :c} #{:c :d :e}) => #{:d :a :b :c :e} ● (join #{{:a 1 :b 2 :c 3} {:a 1 :b 21 :c 42}} #{{:a 1 :b 2 :e 5} {:a 1 :b 21 :d 4}}) => #{{:d 4, :a 1, :b 21, :c 42} {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3, :e 5}}
- 15. Java Interop > (.toUpperCase "fred") "FRED" > (.getName String) "java.lang.String" > (System/getProperty "user.dir") "/Users/me/clojure/interop" > Math/PI 3.141592653589793
- 16. Java Interop > (map #(.getName %) (.getMethods java.util.Date)) ("equals" "toString" "hashCode" "clone" "compareTo" "compareTo" "parse" . . . <and many more>) > (java.util.Date.) #inst "2015-01-26T21:49:01.403-00:00" > (doto (java.util.Date.) (.setSeconds 33) (.setMinutes 22)) #inst "2015-01-26T21:22:33.785-00:00"
- 18. Drawbacks of FP ● requires thinking differently ● real-world programs are full of side-effects ● difficulty predicting performance profile
- 19. Benefits of Functional Programming ● Easier to reason about ● Composibility ● Separation of concern ● Huges, “Why Functional Programming Matters”, 1990 ● http://weblog.raganwald.com/2007/03/why-why-functional-programming-matters.html