An Efficient MDC based Set Partitioned Embedded Block Image Coding

www.ijemr.net ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758, ISSN (PRINT): 2394-6962
93 Copyright © 2018. IJEMR. All Rights Reserved.
Volume-8, Issue-6, December 2018
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research
Page Number: 93-98
DOI: doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.8.6.8
Cloud Computing in Resource Management
Er. Manoj Kumar
Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, IISE, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
1
Corresponding Author: iisemanoj@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Swiftly increasing demand of computational
calculations in the process of business, transferring of files
under certain protocols and data centers force to develop an
emerging technology cater to the services for computational
need, highly manageable and secure storage. To fulfill these
technological desires cloud computing is the best answer by
introducing various sorts of service platforms in high
computational environment. Cloud computing is the most
recent paradigm promising to turn around the vision of
“computing utilities” into reality. The term “cloud
computing” is relatively new, there is no universal agreement
on this definition. In this paper, we go through with different
area of expertise of research and novelty in cloud computing
domain and its usefulness in the genre of management. Even
though the cloud computing provides many distinguished
features, it still has certain sorts of short comings amidst with
comparatively high cost for both private and public clouds. It
is the way of congregating amasses of information and
resources stored in personal computers and other gadgets
and further putting them on the public cloud for serving
users. Resource management in a cloud environment is a
hard problem, due to the scale of modern data centers, their
interdependencies along with the range of objectives of the
different actors in a cloud ecosystem. Cloud computing is
turning to be one of the most explosively expanding
technologies in the computing industry in this era. It
authorizes the users to transfer their data and computation to
remote location with minimal impact on system performance.
With the evolution of virtualization technology, cloud
computing has been emerged to be distributed systematically
or strategically on full basis. The idea of cloud computing has
not only restored the field of distributed systems but also
fundamentally changed how business utilizes computing
today. Resource management in cloud computing is in fact a
typical problem which is due to the scale of modern data
centers, the variety of resource types and their inter
dependencies, unpredictability of load along with the range of
objectives of the different actors in a cloud ecosystem.
Keywords-- Cloud Computing Research, Challenges,
Resource Management, Virtualization, Utility Computing,
Cloud Platform
I. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is a completely new IT
technology and it is known as the third revolution after
personal computers and internet. We can also summarize
that the enhancement and development of Distributed
Databases, Parallel Computing, Grid Computing and
Distributed Computing result in cloud Computing. John
McCarthy in the 1960s already envisioned that computing
facilities will be provided to the general public like
utility[1]
. In simple words we can refer the cloud computing
as a platform based on internet providing myriads of
services on the basis of plug and play.

National Institute of Standards and Technology
refers to include common key elements massively used in
cloud computing. “It is a model for enabling convenient,
on-demand networking access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with the minimal management
effort or service provider interaction”[2]
. It refers to some
key elements which need to be analyzing first. Typically
cloud computing provides a number of benefits which
could not otherwise be realized which includes scalability
and quality of service.
The cost effective cloud computing provides
specialized environment and simplified interface. When
we are concerning on cloud computing, we understand that
resource management is the process of allocating
computing storage, networking and resources to a set of
applications, cloud service providers and cloud users. The
cloud computing paradigm has emerged, wherein a pool of
computing resources is shared between the applications
and that may be accessed over the internet. This term is
used not only by technology community but the common
public as well. Our objective with the paper is to bring
forth an inclusive survey of recent researches into the
challenging genre of resource management in cloud
environment. Conveying upon the complexity of the
problem, describe the state of art, and outline the
fundamental open challenges.
“ It is very difficult to give prediction about the
uncertain and fluid future of the environment surrounding
Cloud Computing – be it technology, its adoption
structure, industry, regulatory regime. “
Niels Bohr ( Noble Proize in Physics : 1922)
II. CLOUD COMPUTING BUILDING
BLOCKS
There are various reasons for organizations to
move cloud computing enabled solutions as they are
required to pay only on the basis of consumptions. In
addition, organizations can easily meet the needs of rapidly
changing markets to ensure that they are always on the
lending edge for their consumers[3]
. Basically cloud
computing services are distributed into three categories:
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
This category makes use of cloud computing
infrastructure to provide single application to multiple
users. Here applications are hosted by a vendor or service
provider and made available to users over a network. It
makes the users to get rid of operating the applications on
their own system and also eliminates the task of software
maintenance along with safeguarding and supporting.
Salesforce.com and Google Apps. are the best examples of
SaaS.
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service is the delivery of
computing platform which allows the users to develop and
manage the web applications without the complexity of
maintaining the infrastructure. It provides an infrastructure
with a high level of integration for implementing cloud
based applications. Examples of PaaS are Force.com,
Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure.

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
It refers to the sharing of hardware resources for
executing services using virtualization technology. Simply,
we can say that it is actually renting of cloud infrastructure
– servers, storage and networking – on demand, in a pay
as-you-go model. Examples of IaaS are Amazon S3,
Amazon Elastic Cloud Computing (EC2) and GoGrid.
III. DEPLOYMENT OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
Cloud services are available to users by any of the
models depending on the requirement and procedure.
These services are popular due to the fact that they can
reduce the cost and complexity of operating computers and
networks. Even though, the cloud service providers have
specialization in a particular area can bring services that a
single company might not be able to provide or offer to the
users. There are also four different cloud deployment
models which are as follow:
Community Cloud
This cloud computing model is multi tenant
infrastructure which is a collaborative effort in which the
infrastructure is jointly shared and constructed by the
several organizations. It also can be hosted by the third
party to a community. This will provide the degree of
economics to the organization.
Public Cloud
In this cloud computing model service providers
makes system application along with storage services
available to the user through internet and other resources
but the cloud service providers have full control on it.
Amazon EC2, S3, Google AppEngine and Force.com are
the best examples of public cloud services. This service
may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage model.
Private Cloud
This cloud computing model delivers the
advantages similar to that of public cloud. The main
difference is that whereas public clouds are providing
services to the number of organizations, a private cloud is
dedicated only to a single organization. It may be managed
by the organization or a third party regardless whether it is
located premise or off premise. It results in optimizing of
resources; concerning security issues include data privacy,
considerable data transfer cost and full control over
process critical activities.
Hybrid Cloud
This cloud computing model is a blender of on-
premises, private cloud and public cloud services. This
integrated cloud service uses both public and private
clouds to perform distinct functions within the same
organization. Organizations opt to use this model in order
to optimize the resources to enhance the core competencies
by margining out peripheral business functions. It is
particular valuable for dynamic or high changeable
workloads.
IV. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN
CLOUD
We consider the resource management as the
process of allocating computing, storage, networking and
indirectly energy resources to a set of applications, in the
context that looks to jointly meet the performance
objectives of the infrastructure providers, users of the
cloud resources and applications. The objectives of the
cloud users tend to focus on application performance. The
conceptual framework provides a high level view of the
functional component of cloud resource management
systems and all their interactions. This field is classified
into eight functional areas or we can say that resource
management activities which are as follow:
 Global planning of virtualized resources
 Resource demand profiling
 Resource exercise estimation
 Resource pricing and profit maximization
 Local scheduling of cloud resources
 Application scaling and provisioning
 Workload management
 Cloud management systems
Cloud computing is appeared as a business necessity,
being animated by the idea of just using the infrastructure
without managing it. Although, initially this idea was
present only in the academic area, recently, it was
transposed into industries by companies like Microsoft,
Amazon, Google, Yahoo! and Salesforce.com. This makes
it possible for new startups to enter the market easier, since
the cost of infrastructure is greatly diminished[5]
. There are
various sorts of issues just as number of servers becomes
immense and dependencies between servers become
complex in the terms of managing cloud systems in static
manner. Cloud computing providers deliver common
online business applications which are accessed from
servers through web browsers.
V. SCOPE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Business applications hosted in the cloud are
probably the most promising cloud service and the most
interesting topic for computer science education because it
can give business the option to pay as they go while
providing the big impact benefit of the latest technology
advancement[6]
. Resource management decisions by the
Cloud Service Provider and Cloud Service User need
accurate estimations of the condition of the physical and
virtual resources which are required to deliver the
applications hosted by cloud. The functional elements of
Resource Utilization Estimation provide state estimation

for compute, network, storage and power resources. It also
provides input into cloud monitoring and resource
scheduling processes.
VI. CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY
ARCHITECTURE
One of the biggest security worries with the cloud
computing model is the sharing of resources. Cloud
computing is a distributed architecture which centralizes
resources of the server on the platform which is quite
scalable to provide on demand computing resources and
services. Cloud computing technology is profoundly
developed network environment which deems to the users
of high quality service and security. The cloud
infrastructure is shared by several organizations and
supports a specific community that has shared concerns. It
may be managed by the organizations or the third party
and may exist on premise or off premise[4]
.
VII. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
In figure 4 the functional elements are mapped to
the Cloud Provider and Cloud User roles in line with an
IaaS cloud offering.
The cloud service provider is responsible for
overseeing the exercising of compute, networking, storage,
power resources and controlling this utilization via global
and local scheduling process.
As shown in figure 4 arrows represent the
principal information flows between functional elements.
The diagram shows the responsibilities of the actors in an
IaaS environment. The portioning is different in the case of
PaaS and SaaS environment.
The framework is depicted from IaaS perspective.
However, it is applicable to the PaaS and SaaS
perspectives - the functional elements remain the same, but
the responsibility for supplying of more of them rests with

the Cloud Provider whereas in the case of PaaS, the role of
Cloud User is split into a Platform Provider along with an
Application Provider. The degree of resource allocation
responsibility falling on each varies depending on the
scope of the provided platform. In the case of SaaS, the
Platform and Application Provider are basically the same
organization which is also the Cloud Provider. In all sorts
of resource management functionality the responsibilities
would then have on these organizations.
Resource Management and Virtualization
One of the most important technologies is the use
of virtualization. It is the way to gist the hardware and
system resources from an operating system. In computing,
virtualization means to create a virtual version of a device
or a resource, such as a server, storage device, network or
even an operating system where the framework divides the
resource into one or more execution environments[7]
. One
of the most basic concepts of virtualization technology
gives employed in cloud environment is resource
consolidation and management.
Hypervisors or Virtual Machine Monitors are
used to perform virtualization within a cloud environment
across a large set of servers. These monitors lie in between
the hardware and the operating systems. The figure
mentioned below defines one of the key advantages of
cloud computing which allows for a consolidation of
resources within any data center.
Within a cluster environment managing of
multiple operating systems is performed to allow for a
number of standalone physical machines which is further
combined to a virtualized environment. The entire
processes require less physical resources than ever before.
Thousands of physical machines amidst with megawatts of
power are required for the deployment of large clouds,
which brings forth the necessity of developing an efficient
Cloud Computing system that utilizes the strengths of the
cloud while minimizing its energy footprint.
Cloud Operations Management System
Role in Operation
In this changing era, it has been stated on the
basis of the latest reports that several companies are
obtaining more than seventy percent cost of their
information and communication technology on operation
and management resulting in allocating of only few
percentage of their funds on new development and
researches. An infrastructure operation manger is deployed
by the companies which fabricate and operate
infrastructure based on the commandments provided by the
administrators. In a cloud environment, the operation
manger manipulates the infrastructure. Cloud users are in
the high expectations that they are going to construct the
system which works in an inexpensive way in comparison
to the conventional systems. This turns to be the main
cause which gives rise to a necessity of new and different
operations management technology and it is premises that
the uniform infrastructure control has been made possible
by the technology of visualization.
Challenges & Risk / Security Issues
Computing is being transformed to a model
consisting of services that are commoditized and delivered
in a manner similar to utilities such as water, electricity,
gas and telephony. In such a model, users access services
based on their requirement regardless of where the services
are hosted. Several computing paradigms have promised to
deliver this utility computing vision of “computing
utilities” into reality[8]
. Perhaps the biggest threat that may
emerge when a technology gains sufficient interest from
enough people is that it will begin to be observed as
panacea.
We have categorized five challenges. The first
three relate to known general problems that are hard to
solve in theory resulting in required additional efforts to
produce practical solutions. The last two refer to
significance resource management challenges that emerge
from the development of the cloud computing paradigm.
 Achieving predictable performance for cloud-
hosted applications
 Achieving global manageability of cloud
environments
 Engineering scalable resource management
systems
 Economic behavior of pricing strategies
 Challenges in mobile cloud computing
In the cloud, it is common to have various resources,
such as machine instances, fail. Except for tightly managed
Platform as a Service cloud providers, the burden of
resource management is still in the hands of the user is
often provided with limited or immature management tools
to address the issues[9]
. IP address which may be reused
has been considered a big issue in the concern of network
security. Sometimes though the old IP address is being
assigned to new user still the chances of accessing still
exists in the DNS cache and the data belonging to a
particular user may become accessible to some other user
violating the privacy of the original user[10]
.

VIII. FUTURE PROSPECTS &
ADVANTAGES
The increasing of resources in computing and
management results to the massive demand of cloud
system making this concept one of the most luring and
dynamic topics of this era.
Distributed File System
Google developed the patented distributed file
system Google File System (GFS) providing efficient and
reliable access to data using large clusters of commodity
servers. It shares many of the same goals as previous
distributed file systems such as performance, scalability,
reliability and availability. Its design has been driven by
key observation of application workloads and
technological environment, both current and anticipated,
which reflect a marked departure from earlier file system
design assumptions[11]
.
MapReduce
MapReduce refers to a group of programming
techniques in which data is processed in sets. Built on top
of Google File system, Google’s MapReduce framework is
the heart of the conceptual and computational model for
their approach to cloud computing[12]
. The main concept
behind the same is that the pseudo code which is coded by
the developer carries two discrete functions map and
reduce during the data collection process.
Architecture Design of Data Centers
Traditional data centers have had a relatively high
degree of customization, with particular servers,
mainframes, and so forth requiring careful planning. A
data centre, which is home to the computation power and
storage, is central to cloud computing and contains
thousands of servers, switches and routers. Data centers
will continue to exist, though over time the private clouds
will increasingly resemble their public counterparts.
IX. CONCLUSION
It is fact that the research and analysis of cloud
computing is still in its initial period, apparent impacts
may be brought by cloud computing. As the prevalence of
cloud computing continues to raise, the need for power
saving mechanisms within the cloud also increases. While
a number of cloud terminologies are discussed in this
paper, there is a need of amendments in cloud
infrastructure both in the academic and commercial sectors
where management of different segments will be in quick
span of time and believing that green computing will be
one of the major segments of the coming generation cloud
computing. Its uses in the management sectors in modern
era not only embellish the utilization rate of resources to
address the imbalance in the development between
regions, but also can make more extensive use of cloud
computing to our work life. Consequently cloud services
must be designed under assumption that they will
experience frequent and open unpredictable failures.
Services must recover from failures autonomously, and
this implies that cloud computing platforms must offer
standard, simple and fast recovery procedures[13]
. To sum
up, we can further conclude that research and development
related to cloud computing technology forms a virtual role
in the future of resource management and internet
technology. Getting view on the basis of ongoing research
efforts and continuing advancements of computing
technology, we come into cropper that this technology
hover to have a major impact on scientific research as well
as management planning.
REFERENCES
[1] Parkhill D. (1966). The challenge of the computer
utility. Boston, United States: Addisson–Wesley
Publishing Company.
[2] A.Kundu, C.D.Banerjee, & P.Saha. (2010). Introducing
new services in cloud computing environment.
International Journal of Digital Content Technology and
its Applications, 4(5), 143-152.
[3] David E.Y. Sarna. (2011). Implementing and
developing cloud computing applications. Florida:
Aurbech Publications.
[4] R.P.Padhy, M.R.Patra, & S.C.Sathapathy. (2011).
Cloud computing: security issues and research challenges.
International Journal of Computer Science and
Information Technology & Security, 1(2), 136-146.
[5] Barrie Sosinky. (2011). Cloud computing bible.
Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc.

An Efficient MDC based Set Partitioned Embedded Block Image Coding

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