Android tutorial (2)

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ToC
4
INTRO1
USER INTERFACE
2
ADDITIONAL API FEATURES
3
DEBUGGING5
OPTIMISATIONS6
ANATOMY OF AN APPLICATION

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Intro | quick start
• Android SDK (Software Development Kit)
• JDK
• ADT (Android Development Tools, Eclipse IDE plug-in)

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Intro | platform overview

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• Dalvik VM
– optimised to run on slow-cpu, low-ram, low-power devices
– runs .dex files (not .class/.jar)
– Multiple instances of DVM can run in parallel

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Intro | dvm vs. jvm
• register-based vs. stack-based
– register-based VMs allow for faster execution times, but
– programs are larger when compiled.
• execution environment - multiple vs. single instance

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Intro | java vs. android api
• Since it uses Java compiler, it implicitly supports a set of
Java commands
• Compatible with Java SE5 code
• A subset of Apache Harmony (open source, free Java
implementation)
• Multithreading as time-slicng.
• Dalvik implements the keyword synchronized and
java.util.concurrent.* package
• Supports reflexion and finalizers but these are not
recomended
• Does not support
– awt, swing, rmi, applet, ...

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4
INTRO1
USER INTERFACE
2
3
DEBUGGING5
OPTIMISATIONS6

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Apps | activity
• Base class mostly for visual components
– extends Activity
– override onCreate

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Apps | activity
/* Example.java */
package uk.ac.ic.doc;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
public class Example extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle icicle) {
super.onCreate(icicle);
setContentView(R.layout.interface);
}
}

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Apps | activity
/* interface.xml */
<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android=“http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”
android:orientation=“vertical”
android:layout_width=“fill_parent”
android:layout_height=“fill_parent”>
<TextView
android:id=“@+id/componentName”
android:layout_height=“wrap_content”
android:text=“Text that will be displayed.”
/>
</LinearLayout>

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Apps | activity
/* Example.java */
package uk.ac.ic.doc;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
public class Example extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle icicle) {
super.onCreate(icicle);
setContentView(R.layout.interface);
TextView text_view = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.componentName);
}
}

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Apps | activity
/* strings.xml */
<resources xmlns:android=“http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”>
<string name=“textRefName”>Text that will be displayed</strings>
</resources>
/* interface.xml */
[...]
<TextView
android:id=“@+id/componentName”
android:layout_height=“wrap_content”
android:text=“@string/textRefName”
/>

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Apps | activity
@Override
protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
outState.putString(“key”, value);
outState.putFloatArray(“key2”, value2);
}
@Override
public void onRestoreInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState);
value = savedInstanceState.getString(“key”);
value2 = savedInstanceState.getFloatArray(“key2”);
}

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Apps | intent
• Allows communication between components
– Message passing
– Bundle
Intent intent = new Intent(CurrentActivity.this, OtherActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);

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Apps | intent
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
// Button listener
Button btnStart = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn_start);
btnStart.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view) {
Intent intent =
new Intent(CurrentActivity.this, OtherActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
});
}

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Apps | thread
Button btnPlay = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnPlay);
btnPlay.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view){
// Main Thread blocks
Thread backgroundMusicThread = new Thread(
new Runnable() {
public void run() {
playMusic();
}
}
);
backgroundMusicThread.start();
}
});

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Apps | handler
• Communication between tasks running in parallel

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Apps | handler
private Handler mHandler = new Handler();
private Color mColor = Color.BLACK;
private Runnable mRefresh = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
mTextViewOnUI.setBackgroundColor(mColor)
}};
private Thread mCompute = new Thread(Runnable() {
public void run() {
while(1){
mColor = cpuIntensiveColorComputation(...);
mHandler.post(mRefresh);
}
}});
mCompute.start();
}

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Apps | service
• Base class for background tasks
– extends Service
– override onCreate
• It’s not
– a separate process
– a separate thread
• It is
– part of the main thread
– a way to update an application when it’s not active

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Apps | broadcast receiver
• extends BroadcastReceiver
• implements onReceive()
• Waits for a system broadcast to happen to trigger an
event
• OS-generated
– Battery empty
– Camera button pressed
– New app installed
– Wifi connection established
• User-generated
– Start of some calculation
– End of an operation

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Apps | broadcast receiver
public class BRExample extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context rcvCtx, Intent rcvIntent) {
if (rcvIntent.getAction().equals(Intent.ACTION_CAMERA_BUTTON)) {
rcvCtx.startService(new Intent(rcvCtx, SomeService.class));
}}}
public class SomeService extends Service {
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0) { return null; }
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
Toast.makeText(this,“Camera...”, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
Toast.makeText(this, “Service done”, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();}
}

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Apps | notifications
• Toast
• AlertDialog
• Notification
Toast.makeText(this, “Notification text”, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

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Apps | manifest
<manifest xmlns:android=“http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”
package=“uk.ac.ic.doc” android:versionCode=“1”
android:versionName=“1.0”>
<application android:icon=“@drawable/icon”
android:label=“@string/app_name”>
<activity android:name=“.SampleActivity”
android:label=“@string/activity_title_text_ref”>
<intent-filter>
/* ... */
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion=“3” />
</manifest>

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Apps | resources
• /res
– anim
– drawable
• hdpi
• mdpi
• ldpi
– layout
– values
• arrays.xml
• colors.xml
• strings.xml
– xml
– raw

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Apps | R.java
• Autogenerated, best if not manually edited
• gen/

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4
INTRO1
USER INTERFACE
2
3
DEBUGGING5
OPTIMISATIONS6

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Elements and layouts
• dip vs. px
• Component dimesions
– wrap_content
– fill_parent

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• Linear Layout
– Shows nested View elements
/* linear.xml */
<LinearLayout android:orientation=“horizontal”
android:layout_height=“fill_parent”
android:layout_weight=“1”>
<TextView android:text=“red” />
<TextView android:text=“green” />
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout android:orientation=“vertical”
android:layout_weight=“1”>
<TextView android:text=“row one” />
</LinearLayout>

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• Relative Layout

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• Table Layout
– Like the HTML div tag
/* table.xml */
<TableLayout android:layout_width=“fill_parent”
android:stretchColumns=“1”>
<TableRow>
<TextView android:layout_column=“1”
android:text=“Open...”
android:padding=“3dip” />
<TextView android:text=“Ctrl-O”
android:gravity=“right”
android:padding=“3dip” />
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>

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• Grid View
/* grid.xml */
<GridView
android:id=“@+id/gridview”
android:columnWidth=“90dp”
android:numColumns=“auto_fit”
android:verticalSpacing=“10dp”
android:horizontalSpacing=“10dp”
android:stretchMode=“columnWidth”
android:gravity=“center”
/>

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• Grid View
/* GridExample.java */
setContentView(R.layout.grid);
GridView gridview = (GridView) findViewById(R.id.gridview);
gridview.setAdapter(new AdapterForGridView(this));
gridview.setOnItemClickListener(
new OnItemClickListener() {
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View v,
int pos, long id) {
Toast.makeText(
GridPrimer.this, "" + pos, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}});
}

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• Grid View
/* AdapterForGridView.java */
public class AdapterForGridView extends BaseAdapter {
private Context mContext;
public AdapterForGridView(Context c) { mContext = c; }
public int getCount() { return mThumbIDs.length; }
public Object getItem(int position) { return null;}
public long getItemId(int position) { return 0; }
// bad getView implementation
public View getView(int pos, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(mContext);
imageView.setImageResource(mThumbIDs[pos]);
return imageView;
}
private Integer[] mThumbIDs =
{ R.drawable.img1, R.drawable.img2 /*...*/ };
}

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• Tab Layout
/* tab.xml */
<TabHost android:id=“@android:id/tabhost”
<LinearLayout android:orientation=“vertical”
<TabWidget android:id=“@android:id/tabs”
android:layout_height=“wrap_content”/>
<FrameLayout
android:layout_height=“fill_parent”/>
</LinearLayout>
</TabHost>

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• Tab Layout
/* selector1.xml */
<selector xmlns:android=“http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”>
<!– Tab is selected -->
<item android:drawable=“@drawable/ic_tab_1_selected”
android:state_selected=“true” />
<!– Tab not selected -->
<item android:drawable=“@drawable/ic_tab_1_not_selected” />
</selector>
/* selector2.xml */
/* selector3.xml */

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• Tab Layout
/* Tab1.java */
public class Tab1 extends Activity {
TextView textview = new TextView(this);
textview.setText(“This is the Artists tab”);
setContentView(textview);
}
}
/* Tab2.java */
/* Tab3.java */

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• Tab Layout
/* TabExample.java */
public class TabExample extends TabActivity {
setContentView(R.layout.tab);
TabHost tabHost = getTabHost();
//--- tab 1 ---
Intent intent = new Intent().setClass(this, Tab1.class);
TabHost.TabSpec spec = tabHost.newTabSpec(“tab1”).setIndicator(
“Artists”, getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.selector1))
.setContent(intent);
tabHost.addTab(spec);
//--- tab 1 ---
tabHost.setCurrentTab(2);
}

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• List View
/* list_item.xml */
<TextView
android:padding=“10dp”
android:textSize=“16sp” />

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• List View
/* ListViewExample.java */
public class ListViewExample extends ListActivity {
@Override
setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
R.layout.list_item, COUNTRIES));
ListView lv = getListView();
lv.setTextFilterEnabled(true);
lv.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view,
int position, long id) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
((TextView) view).getText(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}});
}

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• Button
• ImageButton
• EditText
• CheckBox
• RadioButton
• ToggleButton
• RatingBar

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• DatePicker
• TimePicker
• Spinner
• AutoComplete
• Gallery
• MapView
• WebView

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Events
• Event Handler
– Hardware buttons
• Event Listener
– Touch screen

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Events
• KeyEvent is sent to callback methods
– onKeyUp(), onKeyDown(), onKeyLongpress()
– onTrackballEvent(), onTouchEvent()
public boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) {
if (keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_CAMERA) {
return true; // consumes the event
}
return super.onKeyDown(keyCode, event);
}
Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view) { /* ... */ }
});

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Events
public class TouchExample extends Activity {
@Override
setContentView(R.layout.main);
Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) { /*...*/ }
});
button.setOnLongClickListener(new OnLongClickListener() {
public boolean onLongClick(View v) {
// ...
return true;
}
});
}
}

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Menus
• Options Menu: MENU button, tied to an Activity
• Context Menu: View LongPress
• Submenu
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
menu.add(0, MENU_ADD, 0, “Add”)
.setIcon(R.drawable.icon);
menu.add(0, MENU_WALLPAPER, 0, “Wallpaper”);
return super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu);
}
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch(item.getItemId()) {
case MENU_ADD: //... ; return true;
case MENU_WALLPAPER: //... ; return true;
default: return false;
}
}
registerForContextMenu((View)findViewById(/*...*/));
}
public void onCreateContextMenu(ContextMenu menu, View
v, ContextMenuInfo menuInfo){
super.onCreateContextMenu(menu, v, menuInfo);
menu.add(0, MENU_SMS, 0, “SMS”);
menu.add(0, MENU_EMAIL, 0, “Email”);
}
public boolean onContextItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch(item.getItemId()) { case MENU_SMS: /*...*/ }
}

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Widget
• XML Layout
• AppWidgetProvider gets notified
• Dimensions and refresh frequency

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4
INTRO1
USER INTERFACE
2
3
DEBUGGING5
OPTIMISATIONS6

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More on API | 2D
Bitmap image;
image = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(),R.drawable.image1);
// getPixel(), setPixel()
image = BitmapFactory.decodeFile(“path/to/image/on/SDcard”);
// Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath()

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More on API | 2D
public class MyGUIcomponent extends View {
private Paint paint;
public MyGUIcomponent(Context c){
paint = new Paint();
paint.setColor(Color.WHITE);
paint.setTextSize(25);
}
@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
super.onDraw(canvas);
canvas.drawText(“some text”, 5, 30, paint);
}
@Override
protected void onMeasure(int w, int h){
// w = ...; h = ...;
setMeasuredDimension(w, h);
}
}

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More on API | 3D
• OpenGL library
• Camera, matrices, transformations, ...
• View animation

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More on API | audio/video
<uses-permission android:name=“android.permission.RECORD_VIDEO” />

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More on API | hardware
• Camera
• Phone
• Sensors
• WiFi
• Bluetooth
• GPS (Location services/Maps)

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More on API | sensors
• Accelerometer
• Thermometer
• Compass
• Light sensor
• Barometer
• Proximity sensor

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• A list of all sensors
– getSensorList()
• Control class
– SensorManager
• Callback methods
– onSensorChanged()
– onAccuracyChanged()

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private void initAccel(){
mSensorManager = (SensorManager) getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE);
mSens = mSensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);
mSensorManager.registerListener(this, mSens,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME);
}
@Override
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
if (event.sensor.getType() == SensorManager.SENSOR_ACCELEROMETER) {
float x = event.values[SensorManager.DATA_X];
float y = event.values[SensorManager.DATA_Y];
float z = event.values[SensorManager.DATA_Z];
}
}

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More on API | wifi
<uses-permission android:name=“android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE”
/>
private BroadcastReceiver mNetworkReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver(){
public void onReceive(Context c, Intent i){
Bundle b = i.getExtras();
NetworkInfo info =
(NetworkInfo) b.get(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
if(info.isConnected()){
//...
}else{
// no connection
}
}
};
this.registerReceiver(mNetworkReceiver,
new IntentFilter(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION));

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More on API | internet
• Social network apps
• Cloud apps
• Sockets, Datagrams, Http, ...

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More on API | sms
SmsManager mySMS = SmsManager.getDefault();
String to_whom = “+4475...”;
String message_text = “...”;
mojSMS.sendTextMessage(to_whom, null, message_text, null, null);
<uses-permission android:name=“android.permission.SEND_SMS” />
<uses-permission android:name=“android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS” />
ArrayList<String> multiSMS = mySMS.divideMessage(poruka);
mySMS.sendMultipartTextMessage(to_whom, null, multiSMS, null, null);

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More on API | sms
BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context c, Intent in) {
if(in.getAction().equals(RECEIVED_ACTION)) {
Bundle bundle = in.getExtras();
if(bundle!=null) {
Object[] pdus = (Object[])bundle.get(“pdus”);
SmsMessage[] msgs = new SmsMessage[pdus.length];
for(int i = 0; i<pdus.length; i++) {
msgs[i] = SmsMessage.createFromPdu((byte[])pdus[i]);
}
// reply();
}
}
}};

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More on API | sms
public class ResponderService extends Service {
private static final String RECEIVED_ACTION =
“android.provider.Telephony.SMS_RECEIVED”;
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
registerReceiver(receiver, new IntentFilter(RECEIVED_ACTION));
}
@Override
public void onStart(Intent intent, int startId) {
super.onStart(intent, startId); }
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy(); unregisterReceiver(receiver); }
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0) { return null; }
}

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More on API | sharedPreferences
• Interface for easy storage of key-value pairs
• Mostly used for saving user settings (language, etc.)
– e.g. username/pass combination for auto-login
• Access to file
– MODE_PRIVATE
– MODE_WORLD_READABLE
– MODE_WORLD_WRITEABLE

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More on API | sharedPreferences
SharedPreferences prefs = getSharedPreferences(“Name”, MODE_PRIVATE);
Editor mEditor = prefs.edit();
mEditor.putString(“username”, username);
mEditor.putString(“password”, password);
mEditor.commit();
SharedPreferences prefs = getSharedPreferences(“Name”, MODE_PRIVATE);
String username = prefs.getString(“username”, “”);
String password = prefs.getString(“password”, “”);

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More on API | sqlite
• Each application has its own DB (can be shared)
• /data/data/<you_package>/databases
• Can
– Create a db
– Open a db
– Create tables
– Insert data into tables
– Fetch data from tables
– Close a db
• Basically, SQL syntax

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More on API | contentProvider
• Since every application is sandboxed, this is Androids
mechanism which relates data across apps
• Required access privileges must be declared in Manifest
and approved by user during installation

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More on API | java.io.File
FileInputStream fis = openFileInput(“some_file.txt”);
FileOutputStream fos = openFileOutput(“some_file.txt”,
Context.MODE_WORLD_WRITEABLE);
Bitmap slika;
FileOutputStream new_profile_image = openFileOutput(“new_image.png”,
Context.MODE_WORLD_WRITEABLE);
slika.compress(CompressFormat.PNG, 100, new_profile_image);
out.flush();
out.close();
InputStream is =
this.getResource().openRawResource(R.raw.some_raw_file);

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4
INTRO1
USER INTERFACE
2
3
DEBUGGING5
OPTIMISATIONS6

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Debugging
• gdb
– Since it’s based on Linux, similar command-set
• DDMS through ADT
– Dalvik Debug Monitoring Service
– Android Developer Tools plugin for Eclipse
– Using breakpoints
• Android SDK Debug tools
– ADB (Android Debug Bridge)
– LogCat
– HierarchyViewer

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Debugging | gdb
> adb shell top
> adb shell ps
> gdb mojprogram
> adb logcat

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Debugging | android debug bridge
• Controlling an emulator instance
> adb start-server
> adb stop-server

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Debugging | LogCat
• Logging app execution
• Real-time logging tool
• Works with tags, priorities and filters

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Debugging | hierarchy viewer
• For “interface debugging”

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4
INTRO1
USER INTERFACE
2
3
DEBUGGING5
OPTIMISATIONS6

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Optimisations | in general
• Instancing objects is expensive, avoid if possible
– Overhead from creating, allocation and GC-ing
• Use native methods
– written in C/C++
– around 10-100x faster than user-written in Java by user
• Calls through interfaces are up to 2x slower than virtual
• Declare methods as static if they don’t need access to
object’s fields
• Caching field access results
– counters, etc.
Map myMapa = new HashMap();
HashMap myMapa = new HashMap();

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Optimisations | getView()
• Implemented in Adapter
• Used for:
– Fetching elements from XML
– Their creation in memory (inflate)
– Filling them with valid data
– Returning a ready View element
private static class SomeAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
public SomeAdapter(Context context) {}
public int getCount() { /*...*/ }
public Object getItem(int position) { /*...*/ }
public long getItemId(int position) { /*...*/ }
public View getView(int p, View cv, ViewGroup p) {
// this implementation directly impacts performace
}
}

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View element = //... make a new View
element.text = //... get element from XML
element.icon = //... get element from XML
return element;
}
• Creation of a new element gets called each time, and
that is the single most expensive operation when dealing
with UI

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if (cv == null) {
cv = //... make a new View
}
cv.text = //... get element from XML
cv.icon = //... get element from XML
return cv;
}
• New element get created only a couple of times
• Performance is acceptable

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static class ViewHolder {
TextView text;
ImageView icon;
}
ViewHolder holder;
if (cv == null) {
cv = //... make a new View
holder = new ViewHolder();
holder.text = //... get element from XML
holder.icon = //... get element from XML
cv.setTag(holder);
} else {
holder = (ViewHolder) cv.getTag();
}
return cv;
}

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