Assembly language programming intro

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This document provides an introduction to assembly language programming. It describes the basic components of a computer including the central processing unit and its registers. The CPU registers discussed include general purpose registers like the accumulator, base, counter, and data registers. Memory segmentation and the flag register are also explained. Pointer and index registers like the stack pointer, base pointer, and source/destination indexes are defined. The document was prepared by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at United International University.

Engineering

Assembly Language Programming:
1. Introduction
Prepared by:
Md. Jahidul Islam (Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UIU.)
Special Thanks to:
Muhammad Tasnim Mohiuddin (Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UIU.)
April 2015.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

Programming Languages
1) Machine Language
2) Assembly Language (Low Level Language)
3) High Level Languages
April 2015.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

Simple Computer Model
April 2015.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

Inside the CPU
April 2015.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

CPU Registers
• General purpose registers
• Segment registers
• Instruction Pointer
• Flags register
• Special purpose registers
oDebug registers
oMachine Control registers
April 2015.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

6
 AX (accumulator register):
 Stores operands for arithmetic & data transfer instructions.
 BX Register (base register):
 Holds the starting base address of a memory within a data segment.

CX Register (counter register):
 Primarily used in loop instruction to store loop counter.

DX Register (data register)
 Used to contain I/O port address for I/O instruction.
General Purpose Registers

7
General Purpose Registers (contd.)
 Each of these 16-bit registers are further subdivided into two 8-bit
registers.
AH AL
BH BL
CH CL
DH DL
AX
BX
CX
DX

8
Memory Segmentation
 Data Segment
 contains variable definitions
 declared by .DATA
 Stack segment
 used to store the stack
 declared by .STACK size
 default stack size is 1KB.
 Code segment
 contains program’s instructions
 declared by .CODE
Extra segment

DS
CS
SS
ES
64 KB
64 KB
64 KB
8086 Memory
64 KB

Flag Register
9
 Flag register determines the current status of the microprocessor.
 It is modified automatically by CPU after mathematical operations.
 This allows to determine the type of the result.
 8086 has 16-bit Flag register.
 There are two kinds of flags: Status Flags and Control Flags

Flag Register (contd.)
10
Status Flags Control Flags
Carry Flag (CF) Trap Flag
Auxiliary-carry Flag (AF) Interrupt Flag
Zero Flag (ZF) Directional Flag
Sign Flag (SF)
Parity Flag (PF)
Overflow Flag (OF)

Flag Register (contd.)
11
Flag Purpose
Carry (CF) CF = 1 if there is a carry out from the MSB on addition or there
is a Borrow into the MSB on subtraction.
Parity (PF) PF=1 if the low byte of a result has an even number of one bits
(even parity).
Auxiliary (AF) Holds the carry (half–carry) after addition or borrow after
subtraction between bit positions 3 and 4 of the result
(for example, in BCD addition or subtraction.)
Zero (ZF) Shows the result of the arithmetic or logic operation.
Z=1; result is zero. Z=0; The result is 0
Sign (SF) Holds the sign of the result after an arithmetic/logic instruction
execution. SF=1 if the MSB of a result is 1.

Flag Register (contd.)
12
Flag Purpose
Trap (TF) Enables the trapping through an on-chip debugging feature.
Interrupt (IF)
Controls the operation of the INTR (interrupt request)
IF = 0 if the INTR pin is disabled
IF = 1, if the INTR pin isenabled.
Direction (DF)
Selects either the increment or decrement mode for DI
and /or SI registers during the string instructions.
Overflow (OF)
Overflow occurs when signed numbers are added or
subtracted. An overflow indicates the result has exceeded
the capacity of the machine.

13
 Stack Pointer (SP)
 A 16-bit register pointing to program stack
 Base Pointer (BP)
 A 16-bit register used to access data in stack segment
 Usually used for based indexed or register indirect addressing
 Source Index (SI) & Destination Index (DI)
 16-bit registers
 Used to point to memory locations in the data segment
Pointer and Index Registers

Any Questions?
Thank You
April ,2015.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

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The document discusses the registers used in the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the different types of registers: general purpose registers like AX, BX, CX, and DX which can be used for data and addressing; segment registers like CS, SS, DS and ES that store segment offsets; pointer and index registers like IP, BP, SP, SI and DI that contain memory addresses; and flag registers that indicate results of arithmetic logic unit operations and control the CPU. The document provides details on the individual registers and their purposes in the 8086 architecture.

This document provides an introduction to the 8086 microprocessor registers. It defines a register as a small data holding place within the CPU that can store instructions, addresses, or data. The 8086 has several categories of registers including general purpose, pointer, index, segment, and flag registers. General purpose registers are AX, BX, CX, and DX. Pointer registers include BP, SP, and IP. Index registers are SI and DI. Flag registers store status information like carry, zero, and sign flags. The document outlines the role and purpose of each register type used by the 8086 microprocessor.

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Assembly language programming intro

1. Assembly Language Programming: 1. Introduction Prepared by: Md. Jahidul Islam (Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UIU.) Special Thanks to: Muhammad Tasnim Mohiuddin (Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, UIU.) April 2015. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

2. Programming Languages 1) Machine Language 2) Assembly Language (Low Level Language) 3) High Level Languages April 2015. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

3. Simple Computer Model April 2015. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

4. Inside the CPU April 2015. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

5. CPU Registers • General purpose registers • Segment registers • Instruction Pointer • Flags register • Special purpose registers oDebug registers oMachine Control registers April 2015. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

6. 6  AX (accumulator register):  Stores operands for arithmetic & data transfer instructions.  BX Register (base register):  Holds the starting base address of a memory within a data segment.  CX Register (counter register):  Primarily used in loop instruction to store loop counter.  DX Register (data register)  Used to contain I/O port address for I/O instruction. General Purpose Registers

7. 7 General Purpose Registers (contd.)  Each of these 16-bit registers are further subdivided into two 8-bit registers. AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL AX BX CX DX

8. 8 Memory Segmentation  Data Segment  contains variable definitions  declared by .DATA  Stack segment  used to store the stack  declared by .STACK size  default stack size is 1KB.  Code segment  contains program’s instructions  declared by .CODE Extra segment  DS CS SS ES 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 8086 Memory 64 KB

9. Flag Register 9  Flag register determines the current status of the microprocessor.  It is modified automatically by CPU after mathematical operations.  This allows to determine the type of the result.  8086 has 16-bit Flag register.  There are two kinds of flags: Status Flags and Control Flags

10. Flag Register (contd.) 10 Status Flags Control Flags Carry Flag (CF) Trap Flag Auxiliary-carry Flag (AF) Interrupt Flag Zero Flag (ZF) Directional Flag Sign Flag (SF) Parity Flag (PF) Overflow Flag (OF)

11. Flag Register (contd.) 11 Flag Purpose Carry (CF) CF = 1 if there is a carry out from the MSB on addition or there is a Borrow into the MSB on subtraction. Parity (PF) PF=1 if the low byte of a result has an even number of one bits (even parity). Auxiliary (AF) Holds the carry (half–carry) after addition or borrow after subtraction between bit positions 3 and 4 of the result (for example, in BCD addition or subtraction.) Zero (ZF) Shows the result of the arithmetic or logic operation. Z=1; result is zero. Z=0; The result is 0 Sign (SF) Holds the sign of the result after an arithmetic/logic instruction execution. SF=1 if the MSB of a result is 1.

12. Flag Register (contd.) 12 Flag Purpose Trap (TF) Enables the trapping through an on-chip debugging feature. Interrupt (IF) Controls the operation of the INTR (interrupt request) IF = 0 if the INTR pin is disabled IF = 1, if the INTR pin isenabled. Direction (DF) Selects either the increment or decrement mode for DI and /or SI registers during the string instructions. Overflow (OF) Overflow occurs when signed numbers are added or subtracted. An overflow indicates the result has exceeded the capacity of the machine.

13. 13  Stack Pointer (SP)  A 16-bit register pointing to program stack  Base Pointer (BP)  A 16-bit register used to access data in stack segment  Usually used for based indexed or register indirect addressing  Source Index (SI) & Destination Index (DI)  16-bit registers  Used to point to memory locations in the data segment Pointer and Index Registers

14. Any Questions? Thank You April ,2015. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), United International University (UIU).

Assembly language programming intro

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