Basic Understanding and Implement of Node.js
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Node.js is an event-driven JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine. It uses non-blocking I/O and an event loop to handle multiple connections simultaneously without blocking. The document discusses Node.js' event loop model and asynchronous I/O, how callbacks allow non-blocking operations, and how modules and frameworks like Express allow building scalable network applications.
Basic Understanding and Implement of Node.js
- 1. Basic Understanding and Implement of Node.js Gary 2014/04/18
- 2. Outline • Review of Node.js • Event Loop • Basic Thesis • Callback • Asynchronous Mechanism • Module • Express • Conclusion
- 3. Review of Node.js • A platform built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications. • Uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient • Perfect for data-intensive real-time applications that run across distributed devices • Contains a built-in HTTP server library • Making it possible to run a web server without the use of external software, such as Apache or Lighttpd • Allowing more control of how the web server works
- 4. Review of Node.js • Feature of Node.js • V8 JavaScript Engine • Single-threaded • Event-driven • Non-blocking I/O model
- 6. Event Loop – Basic Thesis • The first basic thesis of node.js is that I/O is expensive • So the largest waste with current programming technologies comes from waiting for I/O to complete.
- 7. Event Loop – Basic Thesis • There are several ways in which one can deal with the performance impact • Synchronous • you handle one request at a time, each in turn. • fork a new process: • you start a new process to handle each request. • threads: • start a new thread to handle each request.
- 8. Event Loop – Basic Thesis • The second basis thesis is that thread-per-connection is memory- expensive • Apache is multithreaded. It spawns a thread per request (or process, it depends on the conf). • Node.js is not multithreaded, because threads and processes carry a heavy memory cost.
- 9. Event Loop – Basic Thesis Node.js App Read file Send file I/O request Send HTTP request Send Internet I/O request SQL inquire Send database I/O request file I/O response Internet I/O reponse database I/O response
- 10. Event Loop – Callback Node.js App Event Loop Read file Send file I/O request Send HTTP request Send Internet I/O request SQL inquire Send database I/O request file I/O response Internet I/O request database I/O request
- 11. Event Loop – Callback • An event loop is “an entity that handles and processes external events and converts them into callback invocations”. • At an I/O call, your code saves the callback and returns control to the node.js runtime environment. • The callback will be called later when the data actually is available.
- 12. Event Loop – Callback • First-class functions • E.g. we pass around functions as data, shuffle them around and execute them when needed. • Function composition • Also known as having anonymous functions or closures that are executed after something happens in the evented I/O. function say(word) { console.log(word); } function execute(someFunction, value) { someFunction(value); } execute(say, "Hello"); function execute(someFunction, value) { someFunction(value); } execute(function(word){ console.log(word) }, "Hello");
- 13. Event Loop – Callback • Run the node.js app, it will immediately output “Server has started” • When sending request to server, “Request received” is shown • This is an event-driven asynchronous server-side JavaScript and its callback var http = require("http"); function onRequest(request, response) { console.log("Request received."); response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}); response.write("Hello World"); response.end(); } http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888); console.log("Server has started.");
- 14. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism • Node.js is event-driven design • In web application, it is said to have the fastest real-time response • The principle is to use libuv to implement event polling, constantly check for events that need to be processed • If it finds an event on standby, run and trigger the corresponding handler.
- 15. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism • Node.js keeps a single thread for your code • Doing a “sleep” will block the server • So while that code is running, node.js will not respond to any other requests from clients, since it only has one thread for executing your code. • Or if you would have some CPU -intensive code, say, for resizing images, that would still block all other requests.
- 16. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism • The console will shown “blah…” after the file is read file.open(); while(true) { result = file.read(); if (!result) break; /* Do something... */ } console.log('blah blah blah...'); Difficult task Easy task Difficult task done on time Easy task delayed
- 17. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism • process.nextTick(callback) • On the next loop around the event loop call this callback. • This is not a simple alias to setTimeout(fn, 0), it's much more efficient. It typically runs before any other I/O events fires • Node.js implements a queue storing events • All event triggers are driven by the engine of a polling event. • process.nextTick () is that we can put a program into the event queue, the next time the event polling is driven.
- 18. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism Difficult task Easy task Easy task done. Strill delayed difficult task done function readLoop() { result = file.read(); if (!result) return; /* Do something... */ process.nextTick(readLoop); } file.open(); process.nextTick(readLoop); console.log('blah blah blah...');
- 19. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism • child_process.fork • Spawn Node processes • Having all the methods in a normal ChildProcess instance, the returned object has a communication channel built-in. • Assume at least 30ms startup and 10mb memory for each new Node. That is, you cannot create many thousands of them.
- 20. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism var n = child_process.fork('./child.js'); n.on('message', function(m) { console.log('PARENT got message:', m); }); n.send({ hello: 'world' }); process.on('message', function(m) { console.log('CHILD got message:', m); }); process.send({ foo: 'bar' }); Difficult task Easy task 1 difficult task done Easy task 2 Easy task 1 done Easy task 2 done
- 21. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism • Cluster • A single instance of Node runs in a single thread. • To take advantage of multi-core systems the user will sometimes want to launch a cluster of Node processes to handle the load. • The cluster module allows you to easily create child processes that all share server ports.
- 22. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism var cluster = require('cluster'); var http = require('http'); var numCPUs = require('os').cpus().length; if (cluster.isMaster) { // Fork workers. for (var i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) { cluster.fork(); } cluster.on('exit', function(worker, code, signal) { console.log('worker ' + worker.process.pid + ' died'); }); } else { // Workers can share any TCP connection // In this case its a HTTP server http.createServer(function(req, res) { res.writeHead(200); res.end("hello worldn"); }).listen(8000); } Difficult task Easy task 1 Easy task 2 Easy task 1 done v Easy task 2 done difficult task done
- 23. Event Loop – Asynchronous Mechanism
- 24. Module • NPM(Node Package Manager) • The official package manager for Node.js. • As of Node.js version 0.6.3, npm is bundled and installed automatically with the environment. • Runs through the command line and manages dependencies for an application. • Allows users to install Node.js applications that are available on the npm registry. • Written entirely in JavaScript, and runs on the Node.js platform.
- 25. Module • We use require and exports to connect with module var http = require("http"); function start() { function onRequest(request, response) { console.log("Request received."); response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}); response.write("Hello World"); response.end(); } http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888); console.log("Server has started."); } exports.start = start; Module can be download with npm var server = require("./server"); server.start(); Module can be written by requirements server.js index.js
- 26. Express • Express is a minimal and flexible node.js web application framework • Providing a robust set of features for building single and multi-page, and hybrid web applications.
- 27. Express • >npm info express version • edit package.json • >npm install { "name": "hello-world", "description": "hello world test app", "version": "0.0.1", "private": true, "dependencies": { "express": "4.0.0" } }
- 28. Express • Node.js has more and more resources related to development, • No need to write many features, you can directly use the module has been developed via official NPM tool from the others on the network • Developers can focus wholeheartedly on the current development of applications. • We always depend on a lot of third-party modules, and whenever we change the develop environment, it is necessary manually installing modules • package.json file directly manage project dependencies and modules which being used by project
- 29. Express • Three outstanding features • routing distribution • request processing • rendering the view var app = express(); app.get("/hello/:who", function(req, res) { res.end("Hello, " + req.params.who + "."); }); // 啓動Express var express = require("express"); var app = express(); // 設置view目錄 app.set("views", __dirname + "/views"); // 設置模板引擎 app.set("view engine", "jade");
- 30. Conclusion • Web applications typically have bottleneck in I/O of network, and Node.js solves them well. • Node.js uses JavaScript, which web developers already familiar with. • NPM let everyone easily put theirs modules on. • The disadvantage is that Node.js is new, not stable enough, API regularly updated.